Activity of juvenile hormone analogues on hymenopterous parasitoids of the gypsy moth

Two insect growth regulators, which are juvenile hormone (JH) analogues, I. Altozar^® and II. Stauffer R-20458; 1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-6, 7-epoxy-3, 7-dimethyl octene were tested againstOoencyrtus kuwanai (Howard) an egg parasitoid. Greater than 70% mortality occurred with 100 ppm treatments during the parasitoid late- and meconium-cast larval stages. Ca. 30% mortality occurred during the pupal stage. Developmental time was apparently decreased. JH I produced no mortality againstApanteles melanoscelus Ratzeburg, a larval parasitoid. However, increased developmental times were observed.

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Résumé Deux régulateurs de croissance des insectes qui sont des analogues de l'hormone juvénile: (JH I) Altozoar^® et (JH II) Stauffer R-20458, 1- (4-ethylphenoxy)- 6, 7-epoxy-3, 7-diméthyl octene ont été testés surOoencyrtus kuwanai (Howard) un parasite d'ufs.Avec un traitement à une dose de 100 ppm, pendant le dernier stade larvaire du parasite et pendant le stade de rejet du meconium, on observe plus de 70% de mortalité; la mortalité n'est plus que de 30% environ durant le stade pupal. La durée du développement est apparemment réduite. JH I ne produit aucune mortalité chezApanteles melanoscelus Ratz, un parasite des larves; cependant on observe un allongement de la durée du développement.

     

Re-structuring of marine communities exposed to environmental change: a global study on the interactive effects of species and functional richness

Species richness is the most commonly used but controversial biodiversity metric in studies on aspects of community stability such as structural composition or productivity. The apparent ambiguity of theoretical and experimental findings may in part be due to experimental shortcomings and/or heterogeneity of scales and methods in earlier studies. This has led to an urgent call for improved and more realistic experiments. In a series of experiments replicated at a global scale we translocated several hundred marine hard bottom communities to new environments simulating a rapid but moderate environmental change. Subsequently, we measured their rate of compositional change (re-structuring) which in the great majority of cases represented a compositional convergence towards local communities. Re-structuring is driven by mortality of community components (original species) and establishment of new species in the changed environmental context. The rate of this re-structuring was then related to various system properties. We show that availability of free substratum relates negatively while taxon richness relates positively to structural persistence (i.e., no or slow re-structuring). Thus, when faced with environmental change, taxon-rich communities retain their original composition longer than taxon-poor communities. The effect of taxon richness, however, interacts with another aspect of diversity, functional richness. Indeed, taxon richness relates positively to persistence in functionally depauperate communities, but not in functionally diverse communities. The interaction between taxonomic and functional diversity with regard to the behaviour of communities exposed to environmental stress may help understand some of the seemingly contrasting findings of past research.     

C-terminal domains implicated in the functional surface expression of potassium channels

A short C-terminal domain is required for correct tetrameric assembly in some potassium channels. Here, we show that this domain forms a coiled coil that determines not only the stability but also the selectivity of the multimerization. Synthetic peptides comprising the sequence of this domain in Eag1 and other channels are able to form highly stable tetrameric coiled coils and display selective heteromultimeric interactions. We show that loss of function caused by disruption of this domain in Herg1 can be rescued by introducing the equivalent domain from Eag1, and that this chimeric protein can form heteromultimers with Eag1 while wild-type Erg1 cannot. Additionally, a short endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence closely preceding the coiled coil plays a crucial role for surface expression. Both domains appear to co-operate to form fully functional channels on the cell surface and are a frequent finding in ion channels. Many pathological phenotypes may be attributed to mutations affecting one or both domains.     

Adult feeding affects fecundity of the predator,Calosoma sycophanta (Col.: Carabidae)

Calosoma sycophanta L. adults were fed either gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae or split grapes for set periods of time while their reproduction was monitored. Few female beetles reproduced unless fed gypsy moth larvae during the first week after they ended hibernation. Even females initially fed grapes that were later fed larvae had reduced reproduction. The implications these results have for relationships between beetle and gypsy moth populations are discussed.     

Host recognition by the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar] [Lep.: Lymantriidae] hyperparasite,Eurytoma appendigaster [Hym.: Eurytomidae] of cocoons ofCotesia melanoscela [Hym.: Braconidae]

Artificial and modified natural hosts were exposed to females of the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] hyperparasite,Eurytoma appendigaster (Swederus), to investigate its host recognition behavior on the primary host, which are cocooned larvae of the gypsy moth parasite,Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg). Material(s) which caused drilling behavior by the hyperparasite on host cocoons were extracted with both polar and non-polar solvents. However, cocoons washed with large volumes of solvent still caused substantial drilling activities by females, suggesting that additional cues may be important. Results suggest that host recognition in this hyperparasite involves a variety of host characteristics.      

Emigration and spatial dispersion of the gypsy moth predator Calosoma sycophanta

Mark-release studies of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) in two 40000 m² areas were done using traps deployed in 10 by 10 grids. In both areas, gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae), were abundant the first but not the second year of sampling. The distribution of carabid larvae was also investigated in the first year at one of the sites and the distribution of gypsy moth larvae found under burlap bands determined for 2 years at the other site. Dispersions of beetles and prey were evaluated by Taylor's logarithmic meanvariance method and Iwao's mean-mean crowding method. Taylor's method gave the most consistent results, and the slopes of the regression lines were used to determine degree of clumping.To evaluate dispersal of adult beetles, recapture data were analysed using the Fisher-Ford and Jolly-Seber methods in conjunction with Jackson's method for separating survival and emigration. A new method for estimating emigration was found to be most consistent with the Fisher-Ford-Jackson procedure. The tendency of the beetles to aggregate (measured via Taylor's method) was generally highest for males. In one site, emigration and degree of aggregation for males appeared to vary together, while at the other site no relationship was evident. Females showed few tendencies to aggregate. Both beetle larvae and gypsy moth larvae had clumped distributions.

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Résumé L'étude par capture-recapture de Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) a été effectuée dans deux parcelles de 4 ha en utilisant des pièges distribués sur une grille de 10 sur 10. Pendant la première année d'échantillonnage, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae) était abondant et les calosomes se sont reproduits, tandis que la seconde année les papillons étaient beaucoup moins nombreux. La distribution des larves de carabes a été examinée aussi pendant la première année sur l'une des stations, et celle des chenilles pendant les deux années avec des toiles d'emballage sur l'autre station. Les dispersions des adultes et larves de calosomes et des chenilles de Lymantria ont été calculées en utilisant la régression du logarithme naturel de la variance de l'échantillon sur le logarithme naturel de la moyenne (méthode de Taylor) et la régression de l'indice de Lloyd d'agrégation moyenne sur la moyenne (méthode d'Iwao). La méthode de Taylor a donné les résultats les plus logiques, et les pentes ont servi à mesurer le degré d'agrégation. Les recaptures de calosomes adultes ont été analysées par les méthodes de Fisher-Ford et Jolly-Seber, associées à la méthode de Jackson pour séparer survie et migration. De même, une nouvelle méthode pour déterminer directement la migration en découvrant combien d'insectes recapturés ont abandonné les microparcelles s'est révélée comme la plus cohérente avec le procédé Fisher-Ford-Jackson. La tendance à l'agrégation est plus forte chez les mâles (d'après la pente du logarithme de la moyenne par rapport au logarithm e de la variance de l'échantillon). La migration et le degré d'agrégation paraissent varier ensemble dans une station, tandis que dans l'autre une telle relation n'apparaît pas clairement. Les femelles malgré des taux de migration variés mais généralement faibles, n'ont jamais pr'esenté de tendance significative à l'agrégation. A l'opposé, les larves de calosomes et de Lymantria ont presenté des distributions agrégatives.

     

Simulation of litter residence times of young gypsy moth larvae and implications for predation by ants

The length of the time young gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), larvae remain in litter after failing from trees would help in understanding the impact of predation by ants, as ants appear to be important predators of gypsy moths only in litter. To obtain information on caterpillar litter residence times, visual activity of larvae was investigated in the laboratory by presenting them with vertical dark silhouettes of various widths in a 1 m wide cylindrical arena. Their limit of angular resolution was about 1°. This value helped to determine distances to trees caterpillars could be expected to orient toward from randomly-located points in a forest. These data were used with results on litter crawling speed of instars 1, 2, and 3 in a simulation model that generated litter residence times averaging serveral hours. By combining results with a previously-developed model of ant predation in forest litter, it was estimated that about half of unfed first instars falling into the litter would survive, whereas only about 10% of 2nd and 3rd instars would. The implications these results have for control of the gypsy moth are discussed.

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Résumé La prédation par les fourmis du genre Formica spp. a une influence importante sur les premiers stades de L. dispar (Lepido., Lymantriidae) en Amérique du Nord. La durée du temps passé dans la litière par les jeunes chenilles après être tombées des arbres doit permettre de comprendre l'impact de la prédation par les fourmis. Pour connaître le temps de séjour des chenilles dans la litière, l'acuité visuelle des chenilles a été examinée au laboratoire en leur présentant des silhouettes noires verticales de différentes largeurs dans une arène circulaire de 1 m de diamètre. La limite de leur angle de résolution était d'environ 1°. Cette valeur a été utilisée pour déterminer les distances (jusqu'à 5 m) quelles que soient les orientations dans la forêt, d'arbres supposés susceptibles d'orienter les chenilles. Les arbres aux silhouettes acceptables étaient distribués uniformément entre 1 et 5 m.Les vitesses de déplacement dans la litière des stades 1, 2, et 3 ont été mesurées par observation directe dans la forêt (elles variaient de 0.9 à 1,54 cm/min). La distance des arbres et la vitesse de déplacement on servi à construire un modèle de simulation qui a donné un temps moyen de séjour de plusieurs heures. En combinant ces résultats avec un modèle précédemment publié de la prédation par les fourmis dans la litière de la forêt, qui utilisait le temps de contact des chenilles avec les fourmis et les taux de captures victorieuses pour estimer la mortalité, nous avons déterminé que la moitié environ des chenilles non alimentées de premier stade tombées dans la litière pourraient survivre, tandis que la survie pour le second et le troisième stade ne serait que de 10%. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats dans la lutte contre L. dispar.

     

Biochemical tracers reveal intra-specific differences in the food webs utilized by individual seabirds

Food web structure regulates the pathways and flow rates of energy, nutrients, and contaminants to top predators. Ecologically and physiologically meaningful biochemical tracers provide a means to characterize and quantify these transfers within food webs. In this study, changes in the ratios of stable N isotopes (e.g., δ¹⁵N), fatty acids (FA), and persistent contaminants were used to trace food web pathways utilized by herring gulls (Larus argentatus) breeding along the shores of the St Lawrence River, Canada. Egg δ¹⁵N values varied significantly among years and were used as an indicator of gull trophic position. Temporal trends in egg δ¹⁵N values were related to egg FA profiles. In years when egg δ¹⁵N values were greater, egg FA patterns reflected the consumption of more aquatic prey. Egg δ¹⁵N values were also correlated with annual estimates of prey fish abundance. These results indicated that temporal changes in aquatic prey availability were reflected in the gull diet (as inferred from ecological tracer profiles in gull eggs). Analysis of individual eggs within years confirmed that birds consuming more aquatic prey occupied higher trophic positions. Furthermore, increases in trophic position were associated with increased concentrations of most persistent organic contaminants in eggs. However, levels of highly brominated polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, e.g, 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-decabromoDE (BDE-209), showed a negative relationship with trophic position. These contrasting findings reflected differences among contaminant groups/homologs in terms of their predominant routes of transfer, i.e., aquatic versus terrestrial food webs. High trophic level omnivores, e.g., herring gulls, are common in food webs. By characterizing ecological tracer profiles in such species we can better understand spatial, temporal, and individual differences in pathways of contaminant, energy, and nutrient flow.     

Modeling the Influence of Rainfall and Temperature on the Phenology of Infection of Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, Larvae by the Fungus Entomophaga maimaiga

A computer model driven by daily maximum-minimum temperature and rainfall records was developed to investigate the influence of weather on times when gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar, can become infected by the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga. In the model, gypsy moth eggs are hatched and neonates are exposed primarily to germinating resting spores in the soil during the spring. Risk of infection is related to forest floor moisture. Larval and fungal development follows a degree-day model. When larvae become 4th instars, they can again become infected by resting spores because they hide in the litter during daylight hours. If rain falls when infected caterpillars die, the fungus sporulates, producing conidia. The number of conidia produced is assumed to directly influence the probability of infection of other larvae. The model was run using weather records from 1990 through 1992. Predicted times of infection were compatible with estimated fungal recruitment rates and changes in field disease prevalence rates. Assumptions about infection mechanisms in the model are discussed as they relate to the real world.