全文获取类型
收费全文 | 765400篇 |
免费 | 82793篇 |
国内免费 | 323篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 6585篇 |
2016年 | 9148篇 |
2015年 | 12035篇 |
2014年 | 14272篇 |
2013年 | 20864篇 |
2012年 | 23161篇 |
2011年 | 23379篇 |
2010年 | 15960篇 |
2009年 | 14786篇 |
2008年 | 20803篇 |
2007年 | 21489篇 |
2006年 | 20146篇 |
2005年 | 19592篇 |
2004年 | 19244篇 |
2003年 | 18735篇 |
2002年 | 17984篇 |
2001年 | 35446篇 |
2000年 | 35416篇 |
1999年 | 27937篇 |
1998年 | 9185篇 |
1997年 | 9811篇 |
1996年 | 9186篇 |
1995年 | 8812篇 |
1994年 | 8643篇 |
1993年 | 8630篇 |
1992年 | 22947篇 |
1991年 | 22179篇 |
1990年 | 21453篇 |
1989年 | 21012篇 |
1988年 | 19460篇 |
1987年 | 18437篇 |
1986年 | 17266篇 |
1985年 | 17187篇 |
1984年 | 14254篇 |
1983年 | 12268篇 |
1982年 | 9397篇 |
1981年 | 8675篇 |
1980年 | 8088篇 |
1979年 | 13817篇 |
1978年 | 10697篇 |
1977年 | 10039篇 |
1976年 | 9236篇 |
1975年 | 10114篇 |
1974年 | 11074篇 |
1973年 | 10775篇 |
1972年 | 9963篇 |
1971年 | 9036篇 |
1970年 | 7824篇 |
1969年 | 7601篇 |
1968年 | 7015篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
1.
Gopinath Kulasekaran Nadya Nossova Andrea L. Marat Ingrid Lund Christopher Cremer Maria S. Ioannou Peter S. McPherson 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(29):17999-18008
Connecdenn 1/2 are DENN (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells) domain-bearing proteins that function as GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) for the small GTPase Rab35. Disruption of connecdenn/Rab35 function leads to defects in the recycling of multiple cargo proteins from endosomes with altered cell function, yet the regulation of connecdenn GEF activity is unexplored. We now demonstrate that connecdenn 1/2 are autoinhibited such that the purified, full-length proteins have significantly less Rab35 binding and GEF activity than the isolated DENN domain. Both proteins are phosphorylated with prominent phosphorylation sites between residues 500 and 600 of connecdenn 1. A large scale proteomics screen revealed that connecdenn 1 is phosphorylated at residues Ser-536 and Ser-538 in an Akt-dependent manner in response to insulin stimulation of adipocytes. Interestingly, we find that an Akt inhibitor reduces connecdenn 1 interaction with Rab35 after insulin treatment of adipocytes. Remarkably, a peptide flanking Ser-536/Ser-538 binds the DENN domain of connecdenn 1, whereas a phosphomimetic peptide does not. Moreover, connecdenn 1 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins, and this interaction is also disrupted by Akt inhibition and by mutation of Ser-536/Ser-538. We propose that Akt phosphorylation of connecdenn 1 downstream of insulin activation regulates connecdenn 1 function through an intramolecular interaction. 相似文献
2.
Polyphenols from green tea prevent antineuritogenic action of Nogo‐A via 67‐kDa laminin receptor and hydrogen peroxide 下载免费PDF全文
Usha Gundimeda Thomas H. McNeill Barsegh A. Barseghian William S. Tzeng David V. Rayudu Enrique Cadenas Rayudu Gopalakrishna 《Journal of neurochemistry》2015,132(1):70-84
Axonal regeneration after injury to the CNS is hampered by myelin‐derived inhibitors, such as Nogo‐A. Natural products, such as green tea, which are neuroprotective and safe for long‐term therapy, would complement ongoing various pharmacological approaches. In this study, using nerve growth factor‐differentiated neuronal‐like Neuroscreen‐1 cells, we show that extremely low concentrations of unfractionated green tea polyphenol mixture (GTPP) and its active ingredient, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), prevent both the neurite outgrowth‐inhibiting activity and growth cone‐collapsing activity of Nogo‐66 (C‐terminal domain of Nogo‐A). Furthermore, a synergistic interaction was observed among GTPP constituents. This preventive effect was dependent on 67‐kDa laminin receptor (67LR) to which EGCG binds with high affinity. The antioxidants N‐acetylcysteine and cell‐permeable catalase abolished this preventive effect of GTPP and EGCG, suggesting the involvement of sublethal levels of H2O2 in this process. Accordingly, exogenous sublethal concentrations of H2O2, added as a bolus dose (5 μM) or more effectively through a steady‐state generation (1–2 μM), mimicked GTPP in counteracting the action of Nogo‐66. Exogenous H2O2 mediated this action by bypassing the requirement of 67LR. Taken together, these results show for the first time that GTPP and EGCG, acting through 67LR and elevating intracellular sublethal levels of H2O2, inhibit the antineuritogenic action of Nogo‐A.
3.
4.
Tatiana S. Filatova Nikolay Naumenko Pavel A. Galenko-Yaroshevsky Denis V. Abramochkin 《Journal of physiology and biochemistry》2017,73(2):167-174
Electrophysiological effects produced by selective activation of M3 cholinoreceptors were studied in isolated left atrium preparations from rat using the standard sharp glass microelectrode technique. The stimulation of M3 receptors was obtained by application of muscarinic agonist pilocarpine (10?5 M) in the presence of selective M2 antagonist methoctramine (10?7 M). Stimulation of M3 receptors induced marked reduction of action potential duration by 14.4 ± 2.4% and 16.1 ± 2.5% of control duration measured at 50 and 90% of repolarization, respectively. This effect was completely abolished by selective M3 blocker 4-DAMP (10?8 M). In isolated myocytes obtained from the rat left atrium, similar pharmacological stimulation of M3 receptors led to suppression of peak L-type calcium current by 13.9 ± 2.6% of control amplitude (measured at +10 mV), but failed to affect K+ currents I to, I Kur, and I Kir. In the absence of M2 blocker methoctramine, pilocarpine (10?5 M) produced stronger attenuation of I CaL and induced an increase in I Kir. This additive inward rectifier current could be abolished by highly selective blocker of Kir3.1/3.4 channels tertiapin-Q (10?6 M) and therefore was identified as I KACh. Thus, in the rat atrial myocardium activation of M3 receptors leads to shortening of action potentials via suppression of I CaL, but does not enhance the major potassium currents involved in repolarization. Joint stimulation of M2 and M3 receptors produces stronger action potential shortening due to M2-mediated activation of I KACh. 相似文献
5.
Climate change and alpine stream biology: progress,challenges, and opportunities for the future 下载免费PDF全文
Scott Hotaling J. Joseph Giersch David W. Weisrock Dean Jacobsen 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2017,92(4):2024-2045
In alpine regions worldwide, climate change is dramatically altering ecosystems and affecting biodiversity in many ways. For streams, receding alpine glaciers and snowfields, paired with altered precipitation regimes, are driving shifts in hydrology, species distributions, basal resources, and threatening the very existence of some habitats and biota. Alpine streams harbour substantial species and genetic diversity due to significant habitat insularity and environmental heterogeneity. Climate change is expected to affect alpine stream biodiversity across many levels of biological resolution from micro‐ to macroscopic organisms and genes to communities. Herein, we describe the current state of alpine stream biology from an organism‐focused perspective. We begin by reviewing seven standard and emerging approaches that combine to form the current state of the discipline. We follow with a call for increased synthesis across existing approaches to improve understanding of how these imperiled ecosystems are responding to rapid environmental change. We then take a forward‐looking viewpoint on how alpine stream biologists can make better use of existing data sets through temporal comparisons, integrate remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, and apply genomic tools to refine knowledge of underlying evolutionary processes. We conclude with comments about the future of biodiversity conservation in alpine streams to confront the daunting challenge of mitigating the effects of rapid environmental change in these sentinel ecosystems. 相似文献
6.
Maryam Gharehaghaji Emily S. Minor Mary V. Ashley Saji T. Abraham Walter D. Koenig 《Plant Ecology》2017,218(4):487-499
Landscape features affect habitat connectivity and patterns of gene flow and hence influence genetic structure among populations. We studied valley oak (Quercus lobata), a threatened species of California (USA) savannas and oak woodlands, with a distribution forming a ring around the Central Valley grasslands. Our main goal was to determine the role of topography and land cover on patterns of gene flow and to test whether elevation or land cover forms stronger barriers to gene flow among valley oak populations. We sampled valley oaks in 12 populations across the range of this species, genotyped each tree at eight nuclear microsatellite loci, and created a series of resistance surfaces by assigning different resistance values to land cover type and elevation. We also estimated recent migration rates and evaluated them with regard to landscape features. There was a significant but weak relationship between Euclidian distance and genetic distance. There was no relationship between genetic distances and land cover, but a significant relationship between genetic distances and elevation resistance. We conclude that gene flow is restricted by high elevations in the northern part of the valley oak range and by high elevations and the Central Valley further south. Migration rate analysis indicated some gene flow occurring east–west but we suggest that the high connectivity in the northern Central Valley is facilitating the formation of these links. We predict that southern populations may become more differentiated in the future through genetic isolation and local adaptation taking place in the face of climate change. 相似文献
7.
Osmotic stress decreases complexity underlying the electrophysiological dynamic in soybean 下载免费PDF全文
- Studies on plant electrophysiology are mostly focused on specific traits of single cells. Inspired by the complexity of the signalling network in plants, and by analogy with neurons in human brains, we sought evidence of high complexity in the electrical dynamics of plant signalling and a likely relationship with environmental cues.
- An EEG‐like standard protocol was adopted for high‐resolution measurements of the electrical signal in Glycine max seedlings. The signals were continuously recorded in the same plants before and after osmotic stimuli with a ?2 MPa mannitol solution. Non‐linear time series analyses methods were used as follows: auto‐correlation and cross‐correlation function, power spectra density function, and complexity of the time series estimated as Approximate Entropy (ApEn).
- Using Approximate Entropy analysis we found that the level of temporal complexity of the electrical signals was affected by the environmental conditions, decreasing when the plant was subjected to a low osmotic potential. Electrical spikes observed only after stimuli followed a power law distribution, which is indicative of scale invariance.
- Our results suggest that changes in complexity of the electrical signals could be associated with water stress conditions in plants. We hypothesised that the power law distribution of the spikes could be explained by a self‐organised critical state (SOC) after osmotic stress.
8.
S. Matysik G. Schmitz S. Bauer J. Kiermaier F.-M. Matysik 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2014
The application of Gas Chromatography (GC)–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS) is presented for sterol analysis in human plasma. A commercial APCI interface was modified to ensure a well-defined humidity which is essential for controlled ionization. In the first step, optimization regarding flow rates of auxiliary gases was performed by using a mixture of model analytes. Secondly, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of sterols including oxysterols, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols as trimethylsilyl-derivatives was successfully carried out. The characteristics of APCI together with the very good mass accuracy of TOF-MS data enable the reliable identification of relevant sterols in complex matrices. Linear calibration lines and plausible results for healthy volunteers and patients could be obtained whereas all mass signals were extracted with an extraction width of 20 ppm from the full mass data set. One advantage of high mass accuracy can be seen in the fact that from one recorded run any search for m/z can be performed. 相似文献
9.
Adam M. Lopez Kenneth S. Posey Stephen D. Turley 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2014
Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2), also known as ACAT2, is the major cholesterol esterifying enzyme in the liver and small intestine (SI). Esterified cholesterol (EC) carried in certain classes of plasma lipoproteins is hydrolyzed by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) when they are cleared from the circulation. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA, the gene that encodes LAL, result in Wolman disease (WD) or cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). Hepatomegaly and a massive increase in tissue EC levels are hallmark features of both disorders. While these conditions can be corrected with enzyme replacement therapy, the question arose as to what effect the loss of SOAT2 function might have on tissue EC sequestration in LAL-deficient mice. When weaned at 21 days, Lal−/−:Soat2+/+ mice had a whole liver cholesterol content (mg/organ) of 24.7 mg vs 1.9 mg in Lal+/+:Soat2+/+ littermates, with almost all the excess sterol being esterified. Over the next 31 days, liver cholesterol content in the Lal−/−:Soat2+/+ mice increased to 145 ± 2 mg but to only 29 ± 2 mg in their Lal−/−:Soat2−/− littermates. The level of EC accumulation in the SI of the Lal−/−:Soat2−/− mice was also much less than in their Lal−/−:Soat2+/+ littermates. In addition, there was a >70% reduction in plasma transaminase activities in the Lal−/−:Soat2−/− mice. These studies illustrate how the severity of disease in a mouse model for CESD can be substantially ameliorated by elimination of SOAT2 function. 相似文献
10.
Robert Fitzgerald Breann DeSantiago Danielle Y. Lee Guangdong Yang Jae Yeon Kim D. Brian Foster Yee Chan-Li Maureen R. Horton Reynold A. Panettieri Rui Wang Steven S. An 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2014
Here we explored the impact of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on biophysical properties of the primary human airway smooth muscle (ASM)–the end effector of acute airway narrowing in asthma. Using magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC), we measured dynamic changes in the stiffness of isolated ASM, at the single-cell level, in response to varying doses of GYY4137 (1–10 mM). GYY4137 slowly released appreciable levels of H2S in the range of 10–275 μM, and H2S released was long lived. In isolated human ASM cells, GYY4137 acutely decreased stiffness (i.e. an indicator of the single-cell relaxation) in a dose-dependent fashion, and stiffness decreases were sustained in culture for 24 h. Human ASM cells showed protein expressions of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE; a H2S synthesizing enzyme) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. The KATP channel opener pinacidil effectively relaxed isolated ASM cells. In addition, pinacidil-induced ASM relaxation was completely inhibited by the treatment of cells with the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide. Glibenclamide also markedly attenuated GYY4137-mediated relaxation of isolated human ASM cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that H2S causes the relaxation of human ASM and implicate as well the role for sarcolemmal KATP channels. Finally, given that ASM cells express intrinsic enzymatic machinery of generating H2S, we suggest thereby this class of gasotransmitter can be further exploited for potential therapy against obstructive lung disease. 相似文献