The role of the epidermal growth factor-1 and hydrophobic stack domains of human factor IX in binding to endothelial cells.

To determine the function and specificity in factor IX of the first epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain and the eight-amino acid hydrophobic stack encoded by exon C (residues 39-46), these domains were replaced by the corresponding polypeptide regions of factor X and chimeric proteins were produced in human embryo kidney cells. Both chimeras were activated by factor XIa at a rate similar to plasma factor IX and exhibited calcium-dependent fluorescence quenching similar to plasma factor IX. Both chimeras competed equally for binding to the endothelial cell receptor. Our findings make it unlikely that the first EGF-like domain or the hydrophobic stack of factor IX are responsible for the specific binding of factor IX to its endothelial cell receptor.     

Determination of the amounts of the protein synthesis initiation and elongation factors in wheat germ

Previous work by Browning et al. (Browning, K. S., Lax, S. R., Humphreys, J., Ravel, J. M., Jobling, S. A., and Gehrke, L. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9630-9634) indicated that wheat germ extracts do not contain sufficient amounts of some of the protein synthesis initiation factors to obtain optimal translation of all mRNAs. In this investigation, a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the amounts of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) 2, 3, 4A, 4F, and (iso)4F as well as the amounts of 40 S ribosomal subunits and elongation factors (EF) 1 alpha and 2 present in wheat germ extracts. EF-1 alpha is present in the highest amount (approximately 5% of the total protein), and eIF-4F is present in the lowest amount (approximately 0.03% of the total protein). The micromolar amounts of the factors and ribosomes are as follows: EF-1 alpha, 34; EF-2, 5.2; eIF-2, 1.5; eIF-3, 0.7; eIF-4A, 3.0, eIF-4F, 0.09; eIF-(iso)4F, 0.8; and 40 S ribosomal subunits, 3.2. The molar ratios of the factors to 40 S ribosomal subunits are approximately 11:1 for EF-1 alpha, 1.6:1 for EF-2, 0.45:1 for eIF-2, 0.2:1 for eIF-3, 0.9:1 for eIF-4A, 0.03:1 for eIF-4F, and 0.25:1 for eIF-(iso)4F. These findings strongly suggest that the concentrations of the initiation factors, particularly those factors required for the binding of mRNA to ribosomes, may play a major role in regulating the translation of mRNAs within the cell.     

Enhanced reactivity to pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction  

Maladaptive physiological responses to stress appear to play a role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, relatively little stress research in RA patients has involved the study of pain, the most commonly reported and most impairing stressor in RA. In the present study, we compared psychophysical and physiological responses to standardized noxious stimulation in 19 RA patients and 21 healthy controls.     

The antigenic surface of staphylococcal nuclease. II. Analysis of the N-1 epitope by site-directed mutagenesis.

Previous studies in our laboratory on the production and isolation of a panel of mAb to staphylococcal nuclease allowed us to define a series of eight overlapping epitopes. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the nuclease coding sequences we were able to map the nonoverlapping epitopes recognized by two members of this panel. In the study reported here, we report the generation and analysis of a number of single amino acid substitutions for seven surface residues predicted to lie within one of these two epitopes. Immunochemical analysis showed that one or more substitutions at each of these seven positions had a major effect on mAb binding, whereas other substitutions had none. Based on the nature of these substitutions and the chemical and physical properties of the variant molecules, we believe that any structural effects induced by these substitutions are local and do not result in long-range structural alterations that indirectly influence antibody reactivity. Therefore, we conclude that disruption of mAb binding can be directly attributed to changes in amino acid side chains and that not only are all seven of the residues studied part of the epitope but all seven make contact with the antibody combining site. These studies demonstrate the advantages of using site-directed mutagenesis to study antigen structure and emphasize the importance of constructing the examining multiple substitutions for any given amino acid.     

An early Holocene reef in the western Atlantic: submersible investigations of a deep relict reef off the west coast of Barbados,W.I.

Submersible observations and collections reveal that a probable relict reef off the west coast of Barbados has a rich cover of sponges, along with algae and scattered corals, on a substrate of algal nodules in a muddy-sand matrix. The collections provide new data on the distributions of these fauna. This relict reef is about 20 km long, has a relief of up to 10 m, and is established at a depth of 80 m. Relict shallow-water features in other areas at similar depths along with data from core holes drilled off the south coast of Barbados suggest that this reef was probably established about 12,000 years ago and existed for no more than 2,000 years, during the Holocene sea-level transgression.     

Regions of High Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Incidence and Low Bystander CPR Rates in Victoria,Australia

BackgroundOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a major public health issue and research has shown that large regional variation in outcomes exists. Of the interventions associated with survival, the provision of bystander CPR is one of the most important modifiable factors. The aim of this study is to identify census areas with high incidence of OHCA and low rates of bystander CPR in Victoria, AustraliaMethodsWe conducted an observational study using prospectively collected population-based OHCA data from the state of Victoria in Australia. Using ArcGIS (ArcMap 10.0), we linked the location of the arrest using the dispatch coordinates (longitude and latitude) to Victorian Local Government Areas (LGAs). We used Bayesian hierarchical models with random effects on each LGA to provide shrunken estimates of the rates of bystander CPR and the incidence rates.ResultsOver the study period there were 31,019 adult OHCA attended, of which 21,436 (69.1%) cases were of presumed cardiac etiology. Significant variation in the incidence of OHCA among LGAs was observed. There was a 3 fold difference in the incidence rate between the lowest and highest LGAs, ranging from 38.5 to 115.1 cases per 100,000 person-years. The overall rate of bystander CPR for bystander witnessed OHCAs was 62.4%, with the rate increasing from 56.4% in 2008–2010 to 68.6% in 2010–2013. There was a 25.1% absolute difference in bystander CPR rates between the highest and lowest LGAs.ConclusionSignificant regional variation in OHCA incidence and bystander CPR rates exists throughout Victoria. Regions with high incidence and low bystander CPR participation can be identified and would make suitable targets for interventions to improve CPR participation rates.