Functional assignment to JEV proteins using SVM

Identification of different protein functions facilitates a mechanistic understanding of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection and opens novel means for drug development. Support vector machines (SVM), useful for predicting the functional class of distantly related proteins, is employed to ascribe a possible functional class to Japanese encephalitis virus protein. Our study from SVMProt and available JE virus sequences suggests that structural and nonstructural proteins of JEV genome possibly belong to diverse protein functions, are expected to occur in the life cycle of JE virus. Protein functions common to both structural and non-structural proteins are iron-binding, metal-binding, lipid-binding, copper-binding, transmembrane, outer membrane, channels/Pores - Pore-forming toxins (proteins and peptides) group of proteins. Non-structural proteins perform functions like actin binding, zinc-binding, calcium-binding, hydrolases, Carbon-Oxygen Lyases, P-type ATPase, proteins belonging to major facilitator family (MFS), secreting main terminal branch (MTB) family, phosphotransfer-driven group translocators and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family group of proteins. Whereas structural proteins besides belonging to same structural group of proteins (capsid, structural, envelope), they also perform functions like nuclear receptor, antibiotic resistance, RNA-binding, DNA-binding, magnesium-binding, isomerase (intra-molecular), oxidoreductase and participate in type II (general) secretory pathway (IISP).     

Changes in the levels of superoxide anion radical and superoxide dismutase during the estrous cycle of Rattus norvegicus and induction of superoxide dismutase in rat ovary by lutropin

Superoxide dismutase, which has been shown to be present in a number of tissues, exhibits cyclic changes during the reproductive cycle of rats. An inverse correlation is seen between the levels of superoxide dismutase and superoxide radical. In immature, pseudopregnant rats, primed with human Chorionic Gonadotropin, lutropin seemed to induce ovarian superoxide dismutase, which could be blocked significantly by the introduction of anti-LH serum. These results point out the specific induction of superoxide dismutase by lutropin. It is reasonable to postulate that during luteal functioning, luteinizing hormone induces superoxide dismutase which in turn seems to play a central role generating hydrogen peroxide from superoxide anion radicals. Hydrogen peroxide, thus formed, drives the peroxidase-ascorbate system, responsible for production of progesterone.     

Expression of 93D heat shock puff of Drosophila melanogaster in deficiency genotypes and its influence on activity of the 87C puff

Using the overlapping deficiencies Df(3R)GC14 and Df(3R)e ^Gp 4 of the 93D region of Drosophila melanogaster, the benzamide (BM)-inducible site in polytene chromsomes was localised to the 93D6-7 region, which had earlier been identified as heat inducible. The normal developmental and BM-induced 93D6-7 puff was found to be dosage compensated since in larvae heterozygotus for a deficiency, with one dose of 93D6-7, the rate of ³H-uridine incorporation in this puff was the same as in the wild type with two doses. Curiously, however, heat shock (37° C) caused regression of the 93D6-7 puff on the normal chromosome in heterozygotes. In agreement with earlier results from our laboratory, the non-inducibility of the single-dose 93D locus by heat shock in the heterozygotes, caused the 87C puff to be nearly half as active as the 87A puff at 37° C. However, in e ^Gp 4/GC14 larvae, lacking the 93D6-7 locus on both homologues, the 87C puff was less active than 87A in some heat-shocked larvae but in other larvae 87A and 87C were equally active. Possible reasons for this inter-larval variability are discussed.     

Effect of calcium on synthesis of dipicolinic acid inPenicillium citreoviride and its feedback resistant mutant

Dipicolinic acid synthesis inPenicillium citreoviride strain 3114 was inhibited by Ca²⁺ ions, but not by Ba²⁺, Cu²⁺or Fe²⁺. Among the metals tested, only Zn²⁺ inhibited the synthesis of dipicolinic acid and promoted sporulation. None of these metals reversed the inhibition by Ca²⁺ or Zn²⁺. A mutant 27133-dpa-ca selected for resistance to feedback inhibition by dipicolinic acid: Ca²⁺ complex showed cross-resistance to inhibition by dipicolinic acid: Zn²⁺. Both 3114 and271 33-dpa-ca excreted a number of aliphatic and amino acids during secondary metabolism of dipicolinic acid. In the presence of 1000 ppm of Ca²⁺, accumulation of citric acid and α-aminoadipic acid was completely inhibited under conditions of inhibition of dipicolinic acid in parent strain 3114 but not in the mutant. Citric acid with or without Ca²⁺ did not inhibit thede novo synthesis of dipicolinic acid in the strain 3114. In fact, citric acid in the presence of Ca²⁺ improved significantly rate of dipicolinic acid synthesis. Apart from resistance to feed back inhibition by dipicolinic acid: Ca²⁺ complex, mutant differed from the parent in three other aspectsviz. (i) dipicolinic acid synthesis was not subject to catabolite repression by glucose, (ii) sporulation as well as dipicolinic acid synthesis was dependent on the presence of Ca²⁺ ions in the medium and (iii) Mg²⁺ requirement for the mutant increased three fold. Higher requirement of the Mg²⁺ could be partially relieved by Ca²⁺ during secondary metabolism. The results support the inference thatde novo synthesis of dipicolinic acid is regulated through feedback inhibition by dipicolinic acid: Ca²⁺complex.     

Nano-biotechnology in tumour and cancerous disease: A perspective review

In recent years, drug manufacturers and researchers have begun to consider the nanobiotechnology approach to improve the drug delivery system for tumour and cancer diseases. In this article, we review current strategies to improve tumour and cancer drug delivery, which mainly focuses on sustaining biocompatibility, biodistribution, and active targeting. The conventional therapy using cornerstone drugs such as fludarabine, cisplatin etoposide, and paclitaxel has its own challenges especially not being able to discriminate between tumour versus normal cells which eventually led to toxicity and side effects in the patients. In contrast to the conventional approach, nanoparticle-based drug delivery provides target-specific delivery and controlled release of the drug, which provides a better therapeutic window for treatment options by focusing on the eradication of diseased cells via active targeting and sparing normal cells via passive targeting. Additionally, treatment of tumours associated with the brain is hampered by the impermeability of the blood–brain barriers to the drugs, which eventually led to poor survival in the patients. Nanoparticle-based therapy offers superior delivery of drugs to the target by breaching the blood–brain barriers. Herein, we provide an overview of the properties of nanoparticles that are crucial for nanotechnology applications. We address the potential future applications of nanobiotechnology targeting specific or desired areas. In particular, the use of nanomaterials, biostructures, and drug delivery methods for the targeted treatment of tumours and cancer are explored.     

Over-expression of superoxide dismutase and lack of surface-thiols in spermatozoa: inherent defects in oligospermia.

The infertility associated with oligospermia had been suspected to be a direct consequence of the impairment in fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa rather than the presence of low sperm number per se. This study defines some of these impairments, which include an over expression of superoxide dismutase, poor superoxide anion radical generation capacity and a lack of sperm-surface thiols in oligospermia. The abnormal biochemical make-up of spermatozoa could explain their low fertilizing ability in case of oligospermia.     

Ontogeny of enhancing factor in mouse intestines and skin

Summary Enhancing Factor (EF) is a 14 kDa protein isolated from mouse small intestines, which enhances the binding of ¹²⁵I-EGF to A431 cells. This observation as well as our earlier in vitro studies have indicated that EF is a modulator of EGF. In adult mice, localization of EF by immunohistochemistry shows it is present pre-dominantly in the Paneth cells of the small intestines and to a lesser extent in the stomach and colon. This study of the ontogeny of EF shows that the appearance of the protein coincides with the appearance of mature Paneth cells. In new born mouse skin EF is localized in the hair follicles in the first hair cycle from day 2 to day 8. It is however absent in the adult skin. Thus EF is associated with tissues which have a high growth rate.     

Differences in cellular fatty acids and lipid composition inClostridium pasteurianum under nitrogen-and non-nitrogen-fixing conditions

Clostridium pasteurianum total cellular saturated fatty acids increased through its growth cycle from 81% to 91% but varied significantly in the composition under nitrogen- and non-nitrogen-fixing conditions. During ammonia-assimilating growth, palmitic acid decreased from 67.7% to 43.5% by late log while marked increases in shorter chain saturated fatty acids (C_15:0 and below) and a long chain saturated C_22:0 occured. In contrast, under N₂-fixing growth conditions, palmitic acid increased from 45.5% to 84.3% by late log, representing nearly the total amound of saturated fatty acids found inC. pasteurianum. The total cellular lipid concentration decreased as the culture aged. irrespective of the nitrogen sources; however, the phospholipid concentration increased significantly during N₂-fixing growth as compared with a 50% decrease during ammonia-assimilating conditions. The implication of these differences and possible role of palmitic acid and phospholipids inC. pasteurianum nitrogen fixation process are discussed.