An alkaline shift induces the heat shock response in Escherichia coli.

Activation of heat shock response was observed after an alkaline shift of extracellular pH: it peaked at 5 to 10 min, as was previously reported for the heat-induced response, and was dependent on a functional rpoH gene, which is the positive regulator of the heat shock response. An induction of over sixfold was observed for dnaK and groE. The response was induced by the alkalization of extracellular pH but not by the alkalization of intracellular pH. An acidic shift of extracellular pH failed to activate the heat shock response, showing that the response is specific to the alkaline shift.     

Degraded Time-Frequency Acuity to Time-Reversed Notes

Time-reversal symmetry breaking is a key feature of many classes of natural sounds, originating in the physics of sound production. While attention has been paid to the response of the auditory system to “natural stimuli,” very few psychophysical tests have been performed. We conduct psychophysical measurements of time-frequency acuity for stylized representations of “natural”-like notes (sharp attack, long decay) and the time-reversed versions of these notes (long attack, sharp decay). Our results demonstrate significantly greater precision, arising from enhanced temporal acuity, for such sounds over their time-reversed versions, without a corresponding decrease in frequency acuity. These data inveigh against models of auditory processing that include tradeoffs between temporal and frequency acuity, at least in the range of notes tested and suggest the existence of statistical priors for notes with a sharp-attack and a long-decay. We are additionally able to calculate a minimal theoretical bound on the sophistication of the nonlinearities in auditory processing. We find that among the best studied classes of nonlinear time-frequency representations, only matching pursuit, spectral derivatives, and reassigned spectrograms are able to satisfy this criterion.     

Selective stabilization by the bacteriophage 434 repressor of the plasmid expressing bovine growth hormone in Escherichia coli.

The maintenance of a plasmid vector-host system that selects for bacteria carrying the plasmid without the need for antibiotics is described. In this system, the bacteriophage 434 repressor gene cloned on the plasmid protects the host from lysis by a lambda imm434 cI- prophage. Cells that occasionally lose the plasmid are killed by prophage induction and therefore do not accumulate in the growing culture. The presence of the phage 434 repressor in the cells does not interfere with the process of lambda repressor inactivation and the high-level production of bovine growth hormone.