Molecular characterization of the clumping factor (fibrinogen receptor) of Staphylococcus aureus

Four mutants of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman that were defective in the fibrinogen receptor (clumping factor) were isolated by transposon Tn917 mutagenesis. Southern hybridization analysis of the mutants identified transposon-host DNA junction fragments, one of which was cloned and used to generate a probe to identify and clone the wild-type clumping factor locus (clfA). The mutants failed to form clumps in soluble fibrinogen and adhered poorly to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) coverslips coated with fibrinogen. A single copy of the clfA gene, when introduced into the chromosome of the mutant strains, fuily compiemented the ciumping deficiency of these strains and restored the ability of these mutants to adhere to fibrinogen-coated PMMA. in addition, the cloned clfA gene on a shuttle plasmid aiiowed the weakiy ciumping strain 8325-4 to form clumps with the same avidity as the wild-type strain Newman and also significantly enhanced the adherence of 8325-4 strains. Thus the formation of clumps in soluble fibrinogen correlated with adherence of bacteria to solid-phase fibrinogen. The clfA gene encodes a fibrinogen-binding protein with an apparent molecular mass of c. 130 kDa. The amino acid sequence of the protein was deduced from the DNA sequence; it was predicted that a 896 residue protein (molecular mass 92 kDa) would be expressed. The putative ClfA protein has features that suggest that it is associated with the ceil surface. Furthermore it contains a novel 308 residue region comprising dipeptide repeats predominantly of Asp and Ser ending 28 residues upstream from the LPXTG motif common to wall-associated proteins. Significant homology was found between the ClfA protein and the fibronectin-binding proteins of S. S. aureus, particularly in the N-and C-termini.     

Is methyl-branching in alpha-tocopherol's "tail" important for its in vivo activity? Rat curative myopathy bioassay measurements of the vitamin E activity of three 2RS-n-alkyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychromans

The vitamin E activity of the acetates of three 2RS-n-alkyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychroman analogs of alpha-tocopherol have been measured and compared directly with all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, or indirectly via 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, using the rat curative myopathy, plasma pyruvate kinase assay. The analogs with alkyl chain lengths of 11 and 13 carbons have activities which not only do not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from each other but also do not differ from that of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. This finding indicates that methyl branching in the phytyl tail at the 4', 8', and 12' positions has little if any influence upon vitamin E activity. Thus physical interactions involving the methyl branches of the phytyl tail and the polyunsaturated moieties of membrane phospholipids are unimportant in vivo, insofar as this bioassay is concerned. However, the length of the hydrocarbon tail is important. This is indicated by the result obtained with the acetate of the analog with an alkyl chain length of 15 carbon atoms which had only 15% of the activity of 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, i.e., 22% of the activity of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate since this form is 1.47 times less active than 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the curative myopathy bioassay (Weiser, Vecchi, & Schlachter, Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 55:149-158, 1985).     

Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of ibuprofen: improved sensitivity and sample processing efficiency

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay suitable for the analysis of the enantiomers of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IB) in plasma was developed. Following the addition of racemic fenoprofen as internal standard (I.S.), samples are acidified and extracted with a mixture of isooctane—isopropanol (95:5, v/v). After evaporation of the organic layer, the drug and I.S. are derivatized with S-(−)-1(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (S-NEA) after addition of ethyl chloroformate as the coupling reagent. Ethanolamine is added 3 min after the addition of S-NEA to react with the excessive ethyl chloroformate. The resultant diastereomers corresponding to IB and I.S. were chromatographed at ambient temperature on a 100 mm × 4.6 mm I.D. C₁₈ reversed-phase column using acetonitrile—water—acetic acid—triethylamine (60:40:0.1:0.02) as the mobile phase pumped at a flow-rate of 1.2 ml/min. Detection of the fluorescent chromophore was at 280 and 320 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The suitability of the assay for clinical pharmacokinetic studies of IB was determined by the analysis of plasma samples obtained from a healthy volunteer, following administration of a single 400-mg oral dose of racemic IB.     

Decadal Changes in the Abundance and Length of Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in Subtropical Marine Sanctuaries

Abundance and length of the highly-targeted snapper Chysophrys auratus were compared between sites in ''no take'' areas (Sanctuary Zones: SZ), partial protected areas which are fished (Habitat Protection Zones: HPZ), and areas outside (Outside) the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), Australia. Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) sampling on shallow rocky reef (15 - 25 m) was conducted annually from 2002 until 2014 in the Austral-winter, covering the decade after these marine park zones were established (2002). Additional deeper sites (25 - 40 m) were sampled in 2010-2011 to assess if findings were more-broadly applicable. Lengths were measured using stereo-BRUVs from 2011-2014. Snapper were significantly more abundant in SZ overall and in most years compared with the other two management types, which did not significantly differ. Snapper rapidly increased after 2 - 3 years protection in all management types, especially SZ. Snapper were present on more SZ deployments than HPZ and Outside after the same period. The positive SZ response in snapper abundance on shallower reef was also found at a broader spatial scale on deeper sites. Again the two fished management types did not show significant differences among each other. There was considerable variation in snapper abundance between years, with strong peaks in 2005, 2009 and 2014 especially in SZ. Abundances remained higher in SZ in the year or two following a strong peak, but decreased to similar abundances to fished areas before the next peak. Snapper length frequency distribution significantly differed between SZ and both fished management types, with more larger snapper within SZ including a higher proportion (58%) that were legal-sized (>25.7 cm FL). HPZ and Outside did not significantly differ from each other, and were dominated by individuals below legal size. Overall, SZ''s have positively influenced abundance and length of snapper on these subtropical rocky reefs.     

Inner retinal photoreceptors (IRPs) in mammals and teleost fish.

Research over the past decade has provided overwhelming evidence that photoreception in the vertebrate eye is not confined to the rods and cones. The discovery of non-rod, non-cone ocular photoreceptors in mammals and fish arose from quite different lines of investigation. In transgenic mice entirely lacking functional rod and cone photoreceptors a range of responses to light, including the regulation of the circadian system and a pupillary light reflex, are preserved. Electrophysiological and imaging approaches were then able to characterise a coupled plexus of directly light sensitive ganglion cells. Most recently action spectroscopy has shown that a novel 'blue-light' sensitive photopigment based upon opsin/vitamin A (OP480) mediates these responses to light. Several candidate genes have emerged for OP480, with melanopsin being by far the strongest. A definitive link, however, between this gene and OP480 has still to be established. In contrast to the mammals, the discovery of inner retinal photoreceptors (IRPs) in fish started with the discovery of a new gene family (VA opsin). The teleost VA opsins form functional photopigments and are expressed in several different types of inner retinal neuron, including retinal horizontal cells. Recent studies have investigated the electrical properties of these photosensitive neurones, but their light-sensing role remains a matter of speculation. Thus the study of IRP is developing along quite separate lines. In the mammals the research is directed towards a molecular identification of the photopigment (OP480) and its cascade, whilst in fish the major effort is directed towards identifying a role for these novel photoreceptors using physiological approaches. The discovery of IRPs in the vertebrates tells us that despite 150 years of research, we still have much to learn about how the eye processes light.     

Microbial metabolism of phenelzine and pheniprazine

Phenelzine and pheniprazine were used as substrates for metabolic studies with Cunninghamella echinulata and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Metabolites were identified by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 1-Acetyl-2-(2-phenylethyl)-hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)hydrazine were the major products of C. echinulata metabolism of phenelzine and pheniprazine, respectively. In addition, M. smegmatis produced a second metabolite from each substrate; these metabolites were unequivocally identified as N-acetylphenylethylamine and N-acetylamphetamine from phenelzine and pheniprazine, respectively.