Perspective Texture Synthesis Based on Improved Energy Optimization

Perspective texture synthesis has great significance in many fields like video editing, scene capturing etc., due to its ability to read and control global feature information. In this paper, we present a novel example-based, specifically energy optimization-based algorithm, to synthesize perspective textures. Energy optimization technique is a pixel-based approach, so it’s time-consuming. We improve it from two aspects with the purpose of achieving faster synthesis and high quality. Firstly, we change this pixel-based technique by replacing the pixel computation with a little patch. Secondly, we present a novel technique to accelerate searching nearest neighborhoods in energy optimization. Using k- means clustering technique to build a search tree to accelerate the search. Hence, we make use of principal component analysis (PCA) technique to reduce dimensions of input vectors. The high quality results prove that our approach is feasible. Besides, our proposed algorithm needs shorter time relative to other similar methods.     

Structural Insight of a Trimodular Halophilic Cellulase with a Family 46 Carbohydrate-Binding Module

Cellulases are the key enzymes used in the biofuel industry. A typical cellulase contains a catalytic domain connected to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) through a flexible linker. Here we report the structure of an atypical trimodular cellulase which harbors a catalytic domain, a CBM46 domain and a rigid CBM_X domain between them. The catalytic domain shows the features of GH5 family, while the CBM46 domain has a sandwich-like structure. The catalytic domain and the CBM46 domain form an extended substrate binding cleft, within which several tryptophan residues are well exposed. Mutagenesis assays indicate that these residues are essential for the enzymatic activities. Gel affinity electrophoresis shows that these tryptophan residues are involved in the polysaccharide substrate binding. Also, electrostatic potential analysis indicates that almost the entire solvent accessible surface of CelB is negatively charged, which is consistent with the halophilic nature of this enzyme.     

Mechanistic studies on aromatase and related C---C bond cleaving P-450 enzymes

Some P-450 systems, notably aromatase and 14-demethylase catalyse not only the hydroxylate reaction but also the oxidation of an alcohol into a carbonyl compound as well as a C---C bond cleavage process. All these reactions occur at the same active site. A somewhat analogous situation is noted with 17-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase that participates in hydroxylation as well as C---C bond cleavage process. The C---C bond cleavage reactions catalysed by the above enzymes conform to the general equation:

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It is argued that all three types of reaction catalyzed by these enzymes may be viewed as variations on a common theme. In P-450 dependent hydroxylation the initially formed Fe^III---O---O^. species is converted into Fe^III---O---OH and the heterolysis of the oxygen—oxygen bond of the latter then gives the oxo-derivative for which a number of canonical structures are possible; for example Fe^V = O ↔ (+^.)Fe^IV = O ↔ Fe^IV---O^.. One of these, Fe^IV---O^. behaves like an alkoxyl radical and participates in hydrogen abstraction from C---H bond to produce Fe^IV---OH and carbon radical. The latter is then quenched by the delivery of hydroxyl radical from Fe^IV---OH. The latter species may thus be regarded as a carrier of hydroxyl radical. We have proposed that the C---C bond cleavage reaction occurs through the participation of the Fe^III---O---OH species that is trapped by the electrophilic property of the carbonyl compound giving a peroxide adduct that fragments to produce an acyl—carbon cleavage. Scientific developments leading up to this conclusion are considered. In the first author's views,

“The study of mechanisms is not a scientific but a cultural activity. Mechanisms do not aim at an absolute truth but are intended to be a “running” commentary on the status of knowledge in a field. As the structural knowledge in a field advances Mechanisms evolve to take note of the new findings. Just as a constructive “running” commentary provides the stimulus for higher standards of performance, so Mechanisms call for better and firmer structural information from their practitioners”.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal and metalloid toxicity through a contaminated vegetable (Cucurbita maxima) from wastewater irrigated area: A case study for a site-specific risk assessment in Jhang,Pakistan

The present research was conducted in district Jhang, Pakistan, to evaluate the concentration of metals/metalloids in soil and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) irrigated with domestic wastewater. Data revealed that the levels of metals and metalloids in soil samples from two different sites were below the safe limits except Cd, whereas, in the vegetable, the concentrations of As, Se, Ni, Mo, Pb, Mn, and Cu were above the safe limits. The levels of 12 metals and metalloids in the soil were ranged between 0.14 to 22.76 mg/kg at site-I and 0.16 to 22.13 mg/kg at site-II. The levels of these metals in the vegetable were found 0.35 to 61.13 mg/kg at site-I and 0.31 to 53.63 mg/kg at site-II. The transfer factor at both sites was highest for As and Co. The pollution load index recorded for Se, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, and Co was greater than 1. The daily intake of As, Mn, and Mo was above the oral reference dose, which reflects that the intake of pumpkin is not safe for the inhabitants of the selected sites. The control measures should be taken to phytoextract heavy metals and metalloids from polluted sites so as to reduce the health risks.     

Microbiological Degradation of Malodorous Substances of Swine Waste under Aerobic Conditions

Phenol, p-cresol, and volatile fatty acids (VFA; acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids) were used as odor indicators of swine waste. Aeration of the waste allowed the indigenous microorganisms to grow and degrade these malodorous substances. The time required for degradation of these substances varied according to the waste used, and it was not necessarily related to their concentrations. Using a minimal medium which contained one of the malodorous compounds as sole carbon source, we have selected from swine waste microorganisms that can grow in the medium. The majority of these microorganisms were able to degrade the same substrate when inoculated in sterilized swine waste but with an efficiency varying from one strain to the other. None of these strains was able to degrade all malodorous substances studied. Within 6 days of incubation these selected strains degraded the following: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, phenol and all VFA; Alcaligenes faecalis, p-cresol and all VFA; Corynebacterium glutamicum and Micrococcus sp., phenol, p-cresol, and acetic and propionic acids; Arthrobacter flavescens, all VFA. On a laboratory scale, the massive inoculation of swine waste with C. glutamicum or Micrococcus sp. accelerated degradation of the malodorous substances. However, this effect was not observed with all of the various swine wastes tested. These results suggest that an efficient deodorization process of various swine wastes could be developed at the farm level based on the aerobic indigenous microflora of each waste.     

Anti-anabolic effects of adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate. Inhibition of protein synthesis

1. Evidence is presented that cyclic AMP inhibits the incorporation of l-[4,5-(3)H]leucine into protein in a cell-free system from rat liver. This inhibition occurs after aminoacyl-tRNA formation. 2. Microsomal fractions, isolated after the incubation of postmitochondrial supernatant with cyclic AMP and ATP, show a diminished ability to synthesize protein. Both cyclic AMP and ATP are required for this effect. 3. A possible physiological role for the anti-anabolic action of cyclic AMP is discussed in terms of the control of gluconeogenesis.     

Effect of ammonium on the regulation of nitrate and nitrite transport systems in roots of intact barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings

The effect of NH ₄ ⁺ on the regulation of NO ₃ ^– and NO ₂ ^– transport systems in roots of intact barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) seedlings grown in NO ₃ ^– or NO ₂ ^– was studied. Ammonium partially inhibited induction of both transport systems. The inhibition was less severe in NO ₂ ^– -fed than in NO ₃ ^– -fed seedlings, presumably due to lower uptake of NH ₄ ⁺ in the presence of NO ₂ ^– . In seedlings pretreated with NH ₄ ⁺ subsequent induction was inhibited only when NH ₄ ⁺ was also present during induction, even though pretreated roots accumulated high levels of NH ₄ ⁺ . This indicates that inhibition may be regulated by NH ₄ ⁺ concentration in the cytoplasm rather than its total accumulation in roots. L-Methionine sulfoximine did not relieve the inhibition by NH ₄ ⁺ , suggesting that inhibition is caused by NH ₄ ⁺ itself rather than by its assimilation product(s). Ammonium inhibited subsequent expression of NO ₃ ^– transport activity similarly in roots grown in 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mM NO ₃ ^– for 24 h (steady-state phase) or 4 d (decline phase), indicating that it has a direct, rather than general feedback effect. Induction of the NO ₃ ^– transport system was about twice as sensitive to NH ₄ ⁺ as compared to the NO ₂ ^– transport system. This may relate to higher turnover rates of membraneassociated NO ₃ ^– -transport proteins.Abbreviations Mes 2(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid - MSO L-methionine sulfoximine     

A simple and efficient method for DNA extraction from grapevine cultivars andVitis species

A quick, simple, and reliable method for the extraction of DNA from grapevine species, hybrids, andAmpelopsis brevipedunculata (Vitaceae) has been developed. This method, based on that of Doyle and Doyle (1990), is a CTBA-based extraction procedure modified by the use of NaCl to remove polysaccharides and PVP to eliminate polyphenols during DNA purification. The method has also been used successfully for extraction of total DNA from other fruit species such as apple (Malus domestica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), cherry (Prunus avium), peach (Prunus persica), plum (Prunus domestica), and raspberry (Rubus idaeus). DNA yield from this procedure is high (up to 1 mg/g of leaf tissue). DNA is completely digestible with restriction endonucleases and amplifiable in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indicating freedom from common contaminating compounds.