Environmental and seasonal influences on red raspberry flavour volatiles and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes

Raspberry volatiles are important for perceptions of sensory quality, mould resistance and some have nutraceutical activities. Twelve raspberry character volatiles were quantified, 11 of them in fruit from two seasons, from plants from the Glen Moy × Latham mapping population growing in both open field and under cover (polytunnels). Effects of season and environment were examined for their impact on the content of α-ionone, α-ionol, β-ionone, β-damascenone, linalool, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexenol, acetoin, acetic and hexanoic acids, whilst raspberry ketone was measured in one season. A significant variation was observed in fruit volatiles in all progeny between seasons and method of cultivation. Quantitative trait loci were determined and mapped to six of the seven linkage groups, as were candidate genes in the volatiles pathways.     

Potentiation of phosphodiesterase inhibitor antithrombotic activity with alpha-2 adrenergic blockade.

The antithrombotic activity of pelrinone, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor was examined in a canine model of coronary thrombosis that uses electrical current to injure the coronary endothelium. Ninety percent of vehicle treated animals developed complete coronary occlusion and thrombus mass was 32.0 +/- 5.8 mg. In a group of animals treated with zomepirac, 10 mg/kg i.v., included as a positive control, thrombus mass was decreased to 10.3 +/- 3.3 mg and incidence of occlusion was reduced to 37.5%. Pelrinone, 5.0 mg/kg i.v. decreased the incidence of occlusion to 50%, thrombus mass to 21.3 +/- 8.3 mg and inhibited platelet aggregation to collagen, ADP and arachidonic acid by 80%, 54% and 87% of baseline, respectively. When yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, was co-administered (2.0 mg/kg at the beginning of the experiment +0.5 mg/kg halfway through the experiment) with the same dose of pelrinone, thrombus mass was decreased to 1.0 +/- 0.5 mg and none of the animals developed coronary occlusion. Yohimbine administration by itself at 2.0-3.0 mg/kg showed no evidence of antithrombotic activity (thrombus mass = 32.8 +/- 8.0 mg, incidence of occlusion = 100%). This dose of yohimbine inhibited significantly ADP-induced aggregation in the presence of epinephrine. These results demonstrate that, even though this dose of pelrinone elicited near maximal inhibition of platelet aggregation, the concurrent administration of an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist was able to potentiate markedly the phosphodiesterase inhibitor antithrombotic activity.     

Changes in macromolecular composition and morphology of Bacteroides fragilis cultured in a complex medium.

Changes in cell macromolecular composition during different phases of growth correlated with alterations in morphology of the obligately anaerobic bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, grown in a complex medium.     

Making ecumenes: ontogeny,amity, and resistance in Brazilian indigenous pathways

The article reconsiders the concept of ecumene in anthropology, through a focus on Panoan-language-speaking indigenous peoples in Brazil. It explores the notion that ecumenes are intersubjectively forged space-times and it critiques culturalist and evolutionist approaches to the ecumene concept. Drawing on ethnography of Yawanawá and Cashinahua, analysis treats ecumenes as dynamic space-times within which amity and enmity arise and identity politics are forged or falter. These arise phenomenologically over time as bodies acquire knowledge, capacity, creativity, and agency, resulting in the sedimentation and fixation of humanness, seen as contingent and temporary in nature. It is argued that if ecumene is to be a useful category of analysis, it is necessary to put aside heuristic divisions between indigenous and anthropological conceptual and theoretical framing of global historical processes. Ecumene needs be framed with respect to an analysis of graduated sovereignty, predatory capitalism, and institutionalized racism, as Amerindians experience and frame these historically.     

Changing use of camera traps in mammalian field research: habitats,taxa and study types

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A review of the energetics of pollination biology

Pollination biology is often associated with mutualistic interactions between plants and their animal pollen vectors, with energy rewards as the foundation for co-evolution. Energy is supplied as food (often nectar from flowers) or as heat (in sun-tracking or thermogenic plants). The requirements of pollinators for these resources depend on many factors, including the costs of living, locomotion, thermoregulation and behaviour, all of which are influenced by body size. These requirements are modified by the availability of energy offered by plants and environmental conditions. Endothermic insects, birds and bats are very effective, because they move faster and are more independent of environmental temperatures, than are ectothermic insects, but they are energetically costly for the plant. The body size of endothermic pollinators appears to be influenced by opposing requirements of the animals and plants. Large body size is advantageous for endotherms to retain heat. However, plants select for small body size of endotherms, as energy costs of larger size are not matched by increases in flight speed. If high energy costs of endothermy cannot be met, birds and mammals employ daily torpor, and large insects reduce the frequency of facultative endothermy. Energy uptake can be limited by the time required to absorb the energy or eliminate the excess water that comes with it. It can also be influenced by variations in climate that determine temperature and flowering season.