Über das gelbe Pigment der Ganglienzellen,seine kolloid-chemischen und topographischen Beziehungen zu andern Zellstrukturen und eine elektive Methode zu seiner Darstellung

Zusammenfassung Das gelbe Pigment der Ganglienzellen besteht aus einer (wahrscheinlich eiweißartigen) Grundsubstanz, einer in gewissen organischen Lösungsmitteln löslichen, mit Fettfarbstoffen färbbaren Substanz und einem gelben Farbstoff, welcher der Grundsubstanz anhaftet.Die Grundsubstanz färbt sich mit basischen Farbstoffen primär. Diese Färbung ist im Gegensatz zur primären Färbung derNissl-Schollen nicht alkoholbeständig und muß daher fixiert werden.Die Grundsubstanz des Pigments und ihre Färbbarkeit sind alkalibeständig, während die primäre Färbbarkeit derNissl-Schollen in alkalischen Bädern verschwindet. Daher kann man nach Aufhebung der Färbbarkeit derNissl-Schollen eine elektive Färbung des Pigments mit basischen Farbstoffen und an ein und derselben Zelle nacheinander dasNissl-Bild und das Pigmentbild erhalten.Der p_H-Bereich, in welchem sich elektiv dieNissl-Schollen und elektiv die Pigmentgranula färben, ist deutlich verschieden. Am weitesten im Sauren liegt der isoelektrische Punkt derNissl-Substanz, dann kommt derjenige der Pigmentgrundsubstanz, und schon nahe dem Neutralpunkt liegt derjenige der Ganglienzellgrundsubstanz und der Fibrillen.Topographisch stimmt die Lage der großen Pigmentflecke mit den ausgesparten gelblichen Stellen desNissl-Bildes überein. Kleinere Pigmentstellen können aber vomNissl-Bild überdeckt sein.     

Nonlinear dynamics of the blood flow studied by Lyapunov exponents

In order to gain an insight into the dynamics of the cardiovascular system throughout which the blood circulates, the signals measured from peripheral blood flow in humans were analyzed by calculating the Lyapunov exponents. Over a wide range of algorithm parameters, paired values of both the global and the local Lyapunov exponents were obtained, and at least one exponent equaled zero within the calculation error. This may be an indication of the deterministic nature and finite number of degrees of freedom of the cardiovascular system governing the blood-flow dynamics on a time scale of minutes. A difference was observed in the Lyapunov dimension of controls and athletes.     

A Characterization of Scale Invariant Responses in Enzymatic Networks

An ubiquitous property of biological sensory systems is adaptation: a step increase in stimulus triggers an initial change in a biochemical or physiological response, followed by a more gradual relaxation toward a basal, pre-stimulus level. Adaptation helps maintain essential variables within acceptable bounds and allows organisms to readjust themselves to an optimum and non-saturating sensitivity range when faced with a prolonged change in their environment. Recently, it was shown theoretically and experimentally that many adapting systems, both at the organism and single-cell level, enjoy a remarkable additional feature: scale invariance, meaning that the initial, transient behavior remains (approximately) the same even when the background signal level is scaled. In this work, we set out to investigate under what conditions a broadly used model of biochemical enzymatic networks will exhibit scale-invariant behavior. An exhaustive computational study led us to discover a new property of surprising simplicity and generality, uniform linearizations with fast output (ULFO), whose validity we show is both necessary and sufficient for scale invariance of three-node enzymatic networks (and sufficient for any number of nodes). Based on this study, we go on to develop a mathematical explanation of how ULFO results in scale invariance. Our work provides a surprisingly consistent, simple, and general framework for understanding this phenomenon, and results in concrete experimental predictions.     

Ethylene and IAA interactions in the inhibition of photoperiodic flower induction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pharbitis nil</Emphasis>

It has been shown that both IAA and ethylene application inhibit flower induction in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil. However application of IAA has elevated ethylene production in this plant, as well. Strong enhancement of ethylene production is also correlated with the night-break effect, which completely inhibits flowering. In order to determine what the role of IAA and ethylene is in the photoperiodic flower induction in Pharbitis nil, we measured changes in their levels during inductive and non-inductive photoperiods, and the effects of ethylene biosynthesis and action inhibitors on inhibition of flowering by IAA. Our results have shown that the inhibitory effect of IAA on Pharbitis nil flowering is not physiological but is connected with its effect on ethylene biosynthesis.     

Differential Cellular Effects of Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy in Monolayers of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells

In vivo electroporation of tumours shows disruption of blood flow and creates a vascular effect with an initial rapid and transient vasoconstriction phase and a much longer lasting phase with changed microvascular endothelium. These changes are not well understood but are presumed to involve the cytoskeleton. The paper presents for the first time differential in vitro effects describing cytoskeleton changes and monolayer integrity changes by both electroporation and electrochemotherapy of monolayers of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). After the application of electric field pulses, the morphology of cells, and both the F-actin and Beta-tubulin cytoskeleton proteins were affected. During both electroporation and electrochemotherapy, the initial phase of cellular damage was noticed at 10 min as swollen cells and honeycomb-like actin bundles. The electroporation-induced cellular effects, observed from electric pulses >150 V, were voltage-dependent and within 24 hrs partly recoverable. The electrochemotherapy-induced cellular effects developed at 2 hrs in spindle-like cells, and more densely packed F-actin and Beta-tubulin were observed, which were dependent on the amount of bleomycin and the voltages applied (>50 V). In addition, for electrochemotherapy with electric pulses >150 V cellular changes were not recoverable within 24 hrs. The effects on monolayer integrity were reflected in the enhanced monolayer permeability, with the electrochemotherapy showing an earlier onset and synergy. We conclude that electrochemotherapy as compared to electroporation leads within 24 hrs to a quicker and more pronounced monolayer integrity damage and endothelial cell death, which together provide further insight into the cellular changes of the vascular disruption of electrochemotherapy.     

Alchemilla viridiflora Rothm.: the potent natural inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Alchemilla viridiflora Rothm., Rosaceae is a herbaceous plant widespread in central Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia with Kosovo. Liquid...