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1.
Through phylogenetic analysis of seven genes, we show that there have been at least six independent entries into intertidal habitats in the history of bembidiine carabids, in the ancestors of: (i) Orzolina Machado, (ii) Bembidion (Desarmatocillenus Netolitzky), (iii) Bembidion laticeps (LeConte) + palosverdes Kavanaugh & Erwin, (iv) Bembidion laterale (Samouelle), (v) Bembidion umi Sasakawa and Bembidion quadriimpressum (Motschulsky) (which may represent two separate entries), and (vi) B. nigropiceum (Marsham). The following lineages are widely separated within the subtribe Bembidiina: Orzolina is sister to the genus Ocys Stephens; subgenus Desarmatocillenus appears to be sister to all Bembidion Latreille excluding subgenus Phyla Motschulsky; B. laticeps + B. palosverdes is a clade in the Bembidion series; B. laterale is a member of the Princidium Motschulsky complex; B. umi and B. quadriimpressum are related to the Nearctic Clade of the Ocydromus Clairville complex; B. nigropiceum is sister to B. praeustum Dejean among sampled species. There are three separate lineages of ocean‐shore bembidiines that are known to prey on amphipods, and adults of these lineages [Bembidion (Desarmatocillenus), B. laterale, and B. mandibulare Solier] have unusually wide heads with long mandibles. Also common among independent lineages restricted to ocean shores are prominent front angles of the prothorax, larger numbers of setae on the elytral disc, a notable sinuation in the margin of each elytron near its apex, and short, wide mesotarsi. The reasons for the repeated evolution of these features are not evident. Our results also suggest that inland species of the Nearctic Clade may have arisen from an ocean‐shore ancestor. The close genetic similarities between the gravel river shore dwelling B. praeustum and the intertidal specialist B. nigropiceum suggest that the striking morphological adaptations of B. nigropiceum to the intertidal zone arose rapidly. We make one nomenclatural change: we resurrect the subgenus Lymneops Casey to accommodate B. palosverdes and B. laticeps. 相似文献
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The compulsory dispute settlement regime included in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention is recognized as one of the most comprehensive in a modern international convention. Yet, in the recent application of this regime, the question has arisen as to whether the procedural prerequisites associated with the LOS Convention's compulsory dispute settlement mechanism are so arduous as to avoid binding and compulsory jurisdiction in most instances. This article addresses that question by examining, in particular, the reasoning of the Southern Bluefin Tuna arbitration tribunal, which found Article 281 of Section 1 of the LOS Convention to bar jurisdiction to the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism prescribed by the Convention, and offers suggestions as to how states might distinguish or overcome the barriers imposed by the Southern Bluefin Tuna tribunal in future cases. 相似文献
4.
Allana G. LeBlanc Jean-Philippe Chaput Allison McFarlane Rachel C. Colley David Thivel Stuart J. H. Biddle Ralph Maddison Scott T. Leatherdale Mark S. Tremblay 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Background
Active video games (AVGs) have gained interest as a way to increase physical activity in children and youth. The effect of AVGs on acute energy expenditure (EE) has previously been reported; however, the influence of AVGs on other health-related lifestyle indicators remains unclear.Objective
This systematic review aimed to explain the relationship between AVGs and nine health and behavioural indicators in the pediatric population (aged 0–17 years).Data sources
Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, psycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Central Database) and personal libraries were searched and content experts were consulted for additional material.Data selection
Included articles were required to have a measure of AVG and at least one relevant health or behaviour indicator: EE (both habitual and acute), adherence and appeal (i.e., participation and enjoyment), opportunity cost (both time and financial considerations, and adverse events), adiposity, cardiometabolic health, energy intake, adaptation (effects of continued play), learning and rehabilitation, and video game evolution (i.e., sustainability of AVG technology).Results
51 unique studies, represented in 52 articles were included in the review. Data were available from 1992 participants, aged 3–17 years, from 8 countries, and published from 2006–2012. Overall, AVGs are associated with acute increases in EE, but effects on habitual physical activity are not clear. Further, AVGs show promise when used for learning and rehabilitation within special populations. Evidence related to other indicators was limited and inconclusive.Conclusions
Controlled studies show that AVGs acutely increase light- to moderate-intensity physical activity; however, the findings about if or how AVG lead to increases in habitual physical activity or decreases in sedentary behaviour are less clear. Although AVGs may elicit some health benefits in special populations, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend AVGs as a means of increasing daily physical activity. 相似文献5.
Radiation capture and conversion efficiencies of Miscanthus sacchariflorus,M. sinensis and their naturally occurring hybrid M. × giganteus 下载免费PDF全文
Christopher Lyndon Davey Laurence Edmund Jones Michael Squance Sarah Jane Purdy Anne Louise Maddison Jennifer Cunniff Iain Donnison John Clifton‐Brown 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2017,9(2):385-399
Miscanthus is a rhizomatous C4 grass of great interest as a biofuel crop because it has the potential to produce high yields over a wide geographical area with low agricultural inputs on marginal land less suitable for food production. At the moment, a clonal interspecific hybrid Miscanthus × giganteus is the most widely cultivated and studied in Europe and the United States, but breeding programmes are developing newer more productive varieties. Here, we quantified the physiological processes relating to whole season yield in a replicated plot trial in Wales, UK. Light capture and conversion efficiency were parameterized for four carefully selected genotypes (M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorus and Miscanthus × giganteus). Differences in the canopy architecture in mature stands as measured by the extinction coefficient (k) were small (0.55–0.65). Sensitivity analysis on a mathematical model of Miscanthus was performed to quantify the accumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR) in the growing season using (i) k, (ii) variation in the thermal responses of leaf expansion rate, (iii) base temperature for degree days and (iv) date start of canopy expansion. A 10% increase in k or leaf area per degree day both had a minimal effect on iPAR (3%). Decreasing base temperature from 10 to 9 °C gave an 8% increase in iPAR. If the starting date for canopy expansion was the same as shoot emergence date, then the iPAR increases by 12.5%. In M. × giganteus, the whole season above ground and total (including below ground) radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) ranged from 45% to 37% higher than the noninterspecific hybrid genotypes. The greater yields in the interspecific hybrid M. × giganteus are explained by the higher RUE and not by differences in iPAR or partitioning effects. Studying the mechanisms underlying this complex trait could have wide benefits for both fuel and food production. 相似文献
6.
The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target‐gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling 下载免费PDF全文
Ward C. Wheeler Jonathan A. Coddington Louise M. Crowley Dimitar Dimitrov Pablo A. Goloboff Charles E. Griswold Gustavo Hormiga Lorenzo Prendini Martín J. Ramírez Petra Sierwald Lina Almeida‐Silva Fernando Alvarez‐Padilla Miquel A. Arnedo Ligia R. Benavides Silva Suresh P. Benjamin Jason E. Bond Cristian J. Grismado Emile Hasan Marshal Hedin Matías A. Izquierdo Facundo M. Labarque Joel Ledford Lara Lopardo Wayne P. Maddison Jeremy A. Miller Luis N. Piacentini Norman I. Platnick Daniele Polotow Diana Silva‐Dávila Nikolaj Scharff Tamás Szűts Darrell Ubick Cor J. Vink Hannah M. Wood Junxia Zhang 《Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society》2017,33(6):574-616
7.
Helen C. Rees Ben C. Maddison Jonathan P. Owen Garry C. Whitelam Kevin C. Gough 《Molecular biotechnology》2009,41(3):254-262
Reagents that can precipitate the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) are vital for the development of high sensitivity tests to detect low levels of this disease marker in biological material.
Here, a range of minerals are shown to precipitate both ovine cellular prion protein (PrPC) and ovine scrapie PrPSc. The precipitation of prion protein with silicon dioxide is unaffected by PrPSc strain or host species and the method can be used to precipitate bovine BSE. This method can reliably concentrate protease-resistant
ovine PrPSc (PrPres) derived from 1.69 μg of brain protein from a clinically infected animal diluted into either 50 ml of buffer or 15 ml of
plasma. The introduction of a SiO2 precipitation step into the immunological detection of PrPres increased detection sensitivity by over 1,500-fold. Minerals such as SiO2 are readily available, low cost reagents with generic application to the concentration of diseases-associated prion proteins. 相似文献
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J. Hall I. A. Macdonald P. J. Maddison J. P. O''Hare 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,77(3):278-284
This study compared the cardiorespiratory responses of eight healthy women (mean age 30.25 years) to submaximal exercise
on land (LTm) and water treadmills (WTm) in chest-deep water (Aquaciser). In addition, the effects of two different water
temperatures were examined (28 and 36°C). Each exercise test consisted of three consecutive 5-min bouts at 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1. Oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and heart rate (HR), measured using open-circuit spirometry and telemetry, respectively, increased linearly with increasing
speed both in water and on land. At 3.5 km · h−1
V˙O2 was similar across procedures [χ = 0.6 (0.05) l · min−1]. At 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1
V˙O2 was significantly higher in water than on land, but there was no temperature effect (WTm: 0.9 and 1.4, respectively; LTm:
0.8 and 0.9 l · min−1, respectively). HR was significantly higher in WTm at 36°C compared to WTm at 28°C at all speeds, and compared to LTm at
4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1 (P ≤ 0.003). The HR-V˙O2 relationship showed that at a V˙O2 of 0.9 l · min−1, HR was higher in water at 36°C (115 beats · min−1) than either on land (100 beats · min−1) or in water at 28°C (99 beats · min−1). The Borg scale of perceived exertion showed that walking in water at 4.5 and 5.5 km · h−1 was significantly harder than on land (WTm: 11.4 and 14, respectively; LTm: 9.9 and 11, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). These cardiorespiratory changes occurred despite a slower cadence in water (the mean difference at all speeds was
27 steps/min). Thus, walking in chest-deep water yields higher energy costs than walking at similar speeds on land. This data
has implications for therapists working in hydrotherapy pools.
Accepted: 3 September 1997 相似文献
10.