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Karyotypes, sex chromosome systems and meiotic characteristics are reported for ten spider species belonging to the families Gnaphosidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Oxyopidae and Sicariidae by using standard Giemsa staining. The male diploid numbers (2n) and sex chromosome systems are as follows: Berinda hakani 2n = 22 (X1X2), Berinda ensigera 2n = 22 (X1X2), Trachyzelotes lyonneti 2n = 22 (X1X2), Trachyzelotes malkini 2n = 22 (X1X2), Zelotes caucasius 2n = 22 (X1X2) (Gnaphosidae); Thanatus pictus 2n = 28 (X1 X2), Tibellus macellus 2n = 24 (X1 X2) (Philodromidae); Neon reticulatus 2n = 21 (X0) (Salticidae); Peucetia virescens 2n = 28 (X1X2) (Oxyopidae) and Loxosceles rufescens 2n = 21 (X1 X2Y) (Sicariidae). All species have monoarmed chromosomes with the exception of L. rufescens that has biarmed (metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes. The obtained data are the first results for the genera Berinda, Trachyzelotes and Neon. Additionally, with the exception of L. rufescens, all species are being chromosomally analyzed for the first time.  相似文献   
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Many bark beetles live in a symbiosis with ophiostomatoid fungi but very little is known regarding these fungi in Spain. In this study, we considered the fungi associated with nine bark beetle species and one weevil infesting two native tree species (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra) and one non-native (Pinus radiata) in Cantabria (Northern Spain). This included examination of 239 bark beetles or their galleries. Isolations yielded a total of 110 cultures that included 11 fungal species (five species of Leptographium sensu lato including Leptographium absconditum sp. nov., five species of Ophiostoma sensu lato including Ophiostoma cantabriense sp. nov, and one species of Graphilbum). The most commonly encountered fungal associates of the bark beetles were Grosmannia olivacea, Leptographium procerum, and Ophiostoma canum. The aggressiveness of the collected fungal species was evaluated using inoculations on two-year-old P. radiata seedlings. Leptographium wingfieldii, Leptographium guttulatum, and Ophiostoma ips were the only species capable of causing significant lesions.  相似文献   
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It has been shown that cholesterol modulates activity of protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC phosphorylates connexin 43 (Cx43) to regulate its function, respectively. However, it is not known whether cholesterol modulates function of Cx43 through regulating activity of PKC. In the present study, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment reduced the dye transfer ability of Cx43 in cultured H9c2 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that cholesterol enrichment enhanced the phosphorylated state of Cx43. Immunofluorescent images showed that cholesterol enrichment made the Cx43 distribution from condensed to diffused manner in the interface between the cells. In cholesterol enriched cells, PKC antagonists partially restored the dye transfer ability among the cells, downregulated the phosphorylation of Cx43 and redistributed Cx43 from the diffused manner to the condensed manner in the cell interface. In addition, reduction of cholesterol level suppressed PKC activity to phosphorylate Cx43 and restored Cx43 function in PKC agonist-treated cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment upregulated the phosphorylated state of Cx43 at Ser368, while PKC antagonists reversed the effect. Taken together, cholesterol level in the cells plays important roles in regulating Cx43 function through activation of the PKC signaling pathway.  相似文献   
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【目的】本研究旨在克隆来自北极海洋、具有合成卤化物潜力的链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)604F中的一个卤化酶基因,为后续克隆卤化物合成基因簇、分离鉴定卤化物提供指导。【方法】利用琼脂块法初步测试抗菌活性,借助液相色谱-飞行时间串联质谱技术(LC-Tof MS)初步寻找Streptomyces sp.604F发酵粗提液中的卤化物,并以简并PCR扩增合成次级代谢产物的指示基因(I型、II型聚酮合酶及非核糖体多肽合成酶编码基因);根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因保守区设计的简并引物,扩增基因片段并测序分析;采用高效热不对称交错PCR(hiTAIL-PCR)技术扩增卤化酶基因全长。【结果】Streptomyces sp.604F具有较强的抗白色念珠菌活性,其基因组同时含有编码I型聚酮合酶、II型聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因,以及卤化酶基因;通过染色体步移克隆该卤化酶基因全长,共1443 bp,编码一个新的非色氨酸卤化酶,在合成已知卤化物的卤化酶数据库中,与其同源关系最近的为一类参与合成糖肽类次级代谢产物的卤化酶。【结论】Streptomyces sp.604F具有新的非色氨酸卤化酶,且推测参与糖肽类化合物的卤化修饰,为后续寻找目的卤化物提供了指导,也为研究该合成基因簇奠定基础。  相似文献   
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Serotonin and oxytocin influence aggressive and anxiety‐like behaviors, though it is unclear how the two may interact. That the oxytocin receptor is expressed in the serotonergic raphe nuclei suggests a mechanism by which the two neurotransmitters may cooperatively influence behavior. We hypothesized that oxytocin acts on raphe neurons to influence serotonergically mediated anxiety‐like, aggressive and parental care behaviors. We eliminated expression of the oxytocin receptor in raphe neurons by crossing mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the serotonin transporter promoter (Slc6a4) with our conditional oxytocin receptor knockout line. The knockout mice generated by this cross are normal across a range of behavioral measures: there are no effects for either sex on locomotion in an open‐field, olfactory habituation/dishabituation or, surprisingly, anxiety‐like behaviors in the elevated O and plus mazes. There was a profound deficit in male aggression: only one of 11 raphe oxytocin receptor knockouts showed any aggressive behavior, compared to 8 of 11 wildtypes. In contrast, female knockouts displayed no deficits in maternal behavior or aggression. Our results show that oxytocin, via its effects on raphe neurons, is a key regulator of resident‐intruder aggression in males but not maternal aggression. Furthermore, this reduction in male aggression is quite different from the effects reported previously after forebrain or total elimination of oxytocin receptors. Finally, we conclude that when constitutively eliminated, oxytocin receptors expressed by serotonin cells do not contribute to baseline anxiety‐like behaviors or maternal care.  相似文献   
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Effect of illumination intensity and inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis on assemblage of different spectral types of LH2 complexes in a purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium (Alc.) vinosum ATCC 17899 was studied. Under illumination of 1200 and 500 lx, the complexes B800-850 and B800-840 and B800-820 were assembled. While rhodopine was the major carotenoid in all spectral types of the LH2 complex, a certain increase in the content of carotenoids with higher numbers of conjugated double bonds (anhydrorhodovibrin and didehydrorhodopin) was observed in the B800-820 complex. At 1200 lx, the cells grew slowly at diphenylamine (DPA) concentrations not exceeding 53 μM, while at illumination intensity decreased to 500 lx they could grow at 71 μM DPA (DPA cells). Independent on illumination level, the inhibitor is supposed to impair the functioning of phytoene synthetase (resulting in a decrease in the total carotenoid content) and of phytoene desaturase, which results in formation of neurosporene hydroxy derivatives and ζ-carotene. In the cells grown at 500 lx, small amounts of spheroidene and OH-spheroidene were detected. These carotenoids were originally found under conditions of carotenoid synthesis inhibition in bacteria with spirilloxanthin as the major carotenoid. Carotenoid content in the LH2 complexes isolated from the DPA cells was ~15% of the control (without inhibition) for the B800-850 and ~20% of the control for the B800-820 and B800-840 DPA complexes. Compared to the DPA pigment-containing membranes, the DPA complexes were enriched with carotenoids due to disintegration of some carotenoidless complexes in the course of isolation. These results support the supposition that some of the B800-820, B800-840, and B800-850 complexes may be assembled in the cells of Alc. vinosum ATCC 17899 without carotenoids. Comparison of the characteristics obtained for Alc. vinosum ATCC 17899 and the literature data on strain D of the same bacteria shows that they belong to two different strains, rather than to one as was previously supposed.  相似文献   
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