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Nest defence intensity and nestling provisioning effort of female willow tits (Parus montanus) were significantly correlated at the end of nestling period: well-fed young were defended most intensely. Increased effort was rewarded, since broods with the highest female per-offspring provisioning rates were the most likely to produce local recruits. This suggests that the feeding ability is an important cue for parental investment decisions, at least in a species like the willow tit which has adopted the clutch adjustment strategy. Thus, the most valuable broods would not necessarily be the largest ones, but the ones in which the original number of young could be fed most adequately. However, no associations were found between the level of parental effort and offspring weight, size or condition, nor did the broods producing recruits differ from other broods in timing of breeding or number and size of offspring. The female behaviour may suggest that they invest the most time, energy and risk in the young whose chances of joining the winter flock are the best. The first well-fed young also gain an advantage of prior residency in joining the flock. The first to join normally obtain higher social status, and hence better winter survival, than latecomers. The corresponding patterns in male parental investment behaviour were weak or absent, which suggested that the male effort was affected by the female behaviour. Males seemed to invest in nestling provisioning in such a way as to supplement the female effort. During nest defence action males also seemed to invest in protection of females against predation. 相似文献
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Daniel A. Vardy Csaba Kari Gerald S. Lazarus Pamela J. Jensen Asher Zilberstein Gregory D. Plowman Ulrich Rodeck 《Journal of cellular physiology》1995,163(2):257-265
Autocrine activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor on keratinocytes has been recognized as an important growth regulatory mechanism involved in epithelial homeostasis, and, possibly, hyperproliferative diseases. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and insulin have been shown to be paracrine keratinocyte mitogens that bind to the type I IGF receptor which is expressed on actively proliferating keratinocytes in situ. In this report, we demonstrate that IGF-1/insulin induced production of keratinocyte-derived autocrine growth factors that bind to the EGF receptor. Increased steady-state mRNA levels for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) and for amphiregulin (AR) were observed upon incubation of keratinocytes with mitogenic concentrations of IGF-1. IGF-1 also induced production and secretion of TGF-α and AR proteins as detected by immunoassays. An EGF receptor antagonistic monoclonal antibody abolished the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 on cultured keratinocytes. These results suggest that stimulation of keratinocyte growth by IGF-1 requires activation of an EGF receptor-mediated autocrine loop. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Marie-José Gaillard Shinya Sugita M. Jane Bunting Richard Middleton Anna Broström Christopher Caseldine Thomas Giesecke Sophie E. V. Hellman Sheila Hicks Kari Hjelle Catherine Langdon Anne-Birgitte Nielsen Anneli Poska Henrik von Stedingk Sim Veski 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(5):419-443
Information on past land cover in terms of absolute areas of different landscape units (forest, open land, pasture land, cultivated
land, etc.) at local to regional scales is needed to test hypotheses and answer questions related to climate change (e.g.
feedbacks effects of land-cover change), archaeological research, and nature conservancy (e.g. management strategy). The palaeoecological
technique best suited to achieve quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation is pollen analysis. A simulation approach
developed by Sugita (the computer model POLLSCAPE) which uses models based on the theory of pollen analysis is presented together
with examples of application. POLLSCAPE has been adopted as the central tool for POLLANDCAL (POLlen/LANdscape CALibration),
an international research network focusing on this topic. The theory behind models of the pollen–vegetation relationship and
POLLSCAPE is reviewed. The two model outputs which receive greatest attention in this paper are the relevant source area of
pollen (RSAP) and pollen loading in mires and lakes. Six examples of application of POLLSCAPE are presented, each of which
explores a possible use of the POLLANDCAL tools and a means of validating or evaluating the models with empirical data. The
landscape and vegetation factors influencing the size of the RSAP, the importance of pollen productivity estimates (PPEs)
for the model outputs, the detection of small and rare patches of plant taxa in pollen records, and quantitative reconstructions
of past vegetation and landscapes are discussed on the basis of these examples. The simulation approach is seen to be useful
both for exploring different vegetation/landscape scenarios and for refuting hypotheses. 相似文献
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Pollen productivity estimates of key European plant taxa for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation: a review 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Anna Broström Anne Birgitte Nielsen Marie-José Gaillard Kari Hjelle Florence Mazier Heather Binney Jane Bunting Ralph Fyfe Viveca Meltsov Anneli Poska Satu Räsänen Welmoed Soepboer Henrik von Stedingk Henna Suutari Shinya Sugita 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(5):461-478
Information on the spatial distribution of past vegetation on local, regional and global scales is increasingly used within
climate modelling, nature conservancy and archaeology. It is possible to obtain such information from fossil pollen records
in lakes and bogs using the landscape reconstruction algorithm (LRA) and its two models, REVEALS and LOVE. These models assume
that reliable pollen productivity estimates (PPEs) are available for the plant taxa involved in the quantitative reconstructions
of past vegetation, and that PPEs are constant through time. This paper presents and discusses the PPEs for 15 tree and 18
herb taxa obtained in nine study areas of Europe. Observed differences in PPEs between regions may be explained by methodological
issues and environmental variables, of which climate and related factors such as reproduction strategies and growth forms
appear to be the most important. An evaluation of the PPEs at hand so far suggests that they can be used in modelling applications
and quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, provided that consideration of past environmental variability within
the region is used to inform selection of PPEs, and bearing in mind that PPEs might have changed through time as a response
to climate change. Application of a range of possible PPEs will allow a better evaluation of the results. 相似文献
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Kari K. Åkerman 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1997,696(2):394
A simple and reliable method for analyzing the concentrations of clozapine and its biologically active metabolite, norclozapine, in human serum or plasma has been developed. This method is based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with automated solid-phase extraction (SPE). For HPLC analysis, samples and standards are prepared with an ASPEC automatic sample preparator using 100 mg Bond-Elut C18 SPE columns. The HPLC assay is an isocratic method with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-10 mM dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, pH 3.7 (30:2:100, v/v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min with a C18 reversed-phase column. Detection is performed with a diode array detector set at 220 nm and with peak purity analyses at 210–365 nm. The absolute recovery varied from 85 and 95%. The intra-assay coefficients of variation (C.V.s) were from 4.2 and 8.0% and the inter-assay C.V.s were from 1.1. to 9.3% at therapeutic drug concentrations. The detection limit is 15 nmol/l. The method has been developed for use in a clinical laboratory for therapeutic drug monitoring. 相似文献