Disentangling the Association between Statins,Cholesterol, and Colorectal Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study

BackgroundSeveral prior studies have found an association between statin use and reduced risk of colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that these findings may be due to systematic bias and examined the independent association of colorectal cancer risk with statin use, serum cholesterol, and change in cholesterol concentration.ConclusionsAlthough the risk of colorectal cancer was lower in statin users versus nonusers, no difference was observed among those who continued versus discontinued statin therapy, suggesting the potential for indication bias. The association between decreased serum cholesterol and colorectal cancer risk suggests a cholesterol-lowering effect of undiagnosed malignancy. Clinical judgment should be used when considering causes of cholesterol reduction in patients, including those on statin therapy.     

Primary Succession on a Hawaiian Dryland Chronosequence

We used measurements from airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR to quantify the biophysical structure and composition of vegetation on a dryland substrate age gradient in Hawaii. Both vertical stature and species composition changed during primary succession, and reveal a progressive increase in vertical stature on younger substrates followed by a collapse on Pleistocene-aged flows. Tall-stature Metrosideros polymorpha woodlands dominated on the youngest substrates (hundreds of years), and were replaced by the tall-stature endemic tree species Myoporum sandwicense and Sophora chrysophylla on intermediate-aged flows (thousands of years). The oldest substrates (tens of thousands of years) were dominated by the short-stature native shrub Dodonaea viscosa and endemic grass Eragrostis atropioides. We excavated 18 macroscopic charcoal fragments from Pleistocene-aged substrates. Mean radiocarbon age was 2,002 years and ranged from < 200 to 7,730. Genus identities from four fragments indicate that Osteomeles spp. or M. polymorpha once occupied the Pleistocene-aged substrates, but neither of these species is found there today. These findings indicate the existence of fires before humans are known to have occupied the Hawaiian archipelago, and demonstrate that a collapse in vertical stature is prevalent on the oldest substrates. This work contributes to our understanding of prehistoric fires in shaping the trajectory of primary succession in Hawaiian drylands.     

Vox alouattinae: A preliminary survey of the acoustic characteristics of long-distance calls of howling monkeys

This survey of the acoustic characteristics of howling monkey loud calls, covering six of the seven members of the genus Alouattaand presenting audiospectrograms of roars from two species for the first time, suggests that the genus consists of at least two groups: a monotypic palliatagroup, including all subspecies, and a non-palliatagroup, including belzebul, caraya, fusca, pigra,and seniculus.The non-palliatagroup vocalizes continuously for sustained periods of time;their loud calls exhibit a wide bandwidth relative to the calls of the palliatagroup, with emphasized frequencies generally in the range 300- 2000 Hz. The palliatagroup does not vocalize continuously, their vocal bouts being significantly shorter than those of the non-palliataforms. The emphasized frequencies are normally restricted to 300- 1000 Hz, with little acoustic energy in higher frequencies. This bipartite classification places pigrawithin the non-palliatagroup father than with parapatric palliata,which may have important phylogenetic implications. Further, the classification suggests two modes of employing the highly derived howler vocal tract to produce loud calls within the portion of the ambient noise spectrum favorable to long- distance transmission of sound. Finally, I discuss the constraints placed by environmental acoustics on strategies for long- distance communication, hypothesized modes of vocal production, and the use of acoustic studies for phylogenetic reconstruction. Each discussion suggests projects, some already under way, that could elucidate the determinants of variations in communicative patterns within specific social and physical environments.     

Effect of medium composition, agitation and the presence of EDTA on the antimicrobial activity of cryptolepine

The antimicrobial activity of cryptolepine is influenced by the type of medium employed, agitation and the presence of non-inhibitory concentrations of EDTA. The use of Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB), iso-sensitest broth and tryptone soya broth (TSB) produced lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for some of the test organisms compared with nutrient broth or yeast dextrose broth (YDB). For example, a fourfold drop in MIC was recorded for Saccharomyces cerevisiae in MHB compared with the same organism tested in YDB. Agitation of the broths during incubation nearly always produced lower MICs for the bacteria, an eightfold decrease in MIC being recorded for Escherichia coli cultured in nutrient broth with agitation compared with a statically maintained culture. A non-inhibitory concentration (10⁻³ mol l⁻¹) of disodium EDTA enhanced the antimicrobial activity of cryptolepine. Against E. coli NCTC 11560, an eightfold decrease in MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was recorded when tested in the presence of EDTA.     

Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation for Women in an HIV-1 Prevention Clinical Trial Experiencing Primary HIV-1 Infection during Pregnancy or Breastfeeding

During an HIV-1 prevention clinical trial in East Africa, we observed 16 cases of primary HIV-1 infection in women coincident with pregnancy or breastfeeding. Nine of eleven pregnant women initiated rapid combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), despite having CD4 counts exceeding national criteria for ART initiation; breastfeeding women initiated ART or replacement feeding. Rapid ART initiation during primary HIV-1 infection during pregnancy and breastfeeding is feasible in this setting.     

Exploring the Gastrointestinal “Nemabiome”: Deep Amplicon Sequencing to Quantify the Species Composition of Parasitic Nematode Communities

Parasitic helminth infections have a considerable impact on global human health as well as animal welfare and production. Although co-infection with multiple parasite species within a host is common, there is a dearth of tools with which to study the composition of these complex parasite communities. Helminth species vary in their pathogenicity, epidemiology and drug sensitivity and the interactions that occur between co-infecting species and their hosts are poorly understood. We describe the first application of deep amplicon sequencing to study parasitic nematode communities as well as introduce the concept of the gastro-intestinal “nemabiome”. The approach is analogous to 16S rDNA deep sequencing used to explore microbial communities, but utilizes the nematode ITS-2 rDNA locus instead. Gastro-intestinal parasites of cattle were used to develop the concept, as this host has many well-defined gastro-intestinal nematode species that commonly occur as complex co-infections. Further, the availability of pure mono-parasite populations from experimentally infected cattle allowed us to prepare mock parasite communities to determine, and correct for, species representation biases in the sequence data. We demonstrate that, once these biases have been corrected, accurate relative quantitation of gastro-intestinal parasitic nematode communities in cattle fecal samples can be achieved. We have validated the accuracy of the method applied to field-samples by comparing the results of detailed morphological examination of L3 larvae populations with those of the sequencing assay. The results illustrate the insights that can be gained into the species composition of parasite communities, using grazing cattle in the mid-west USA as an example. However, both the technical approach and the concept of the ‘nemabiome’ have a wide range of potential applications in human and veterinary medicine. These include investigations of host-parasite and parasite-parasite interactions during co-infection, parasite epidemiology, parasite ecology and the response of parasite populations to both drug treatments and control programs.     

Spatial clumping of food increases its monopolization and defense by convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum

The hypothesis that resource monopolization and defense increaseas the spatial clumping of resources increases was tested usinggroups of three convict cichlids competing for 120 Daphnia magnaprey. Spatial clumping was manipulated by varying the distance(3, 20, or 40 cm) between three tubes through which the preyappeared. As predicted, monopolization of prey (percentage eatenby the dominant fish) and frequency of aggression (chases perminute) by dominant fish increased significantly as the distancebetween the tubes decreased. However, there was no evidenceof individual flexibility in the aggressiveness (percentageof conspecifics chased) of dominant fish across treatments.Differences among dominant fish in aggressiveness were positivelycorrelated with their ability to monopolize prey, but the strengthof the correlation decreased as the distance between the tubesincreased. Aggression appears to be a more effective mechanismof interference competition when resources are clumped thanwhen resources are dispersed.     

Changes in ventilation in response to ramp changes in treadmill exercise load

These experiments examined the changes in ventilation during a 40-s ramp increase in exercise load, produced by increasing either the speed of the treadmill or the grade, to equivalent end-points of oxygen uptake. Six subjects underwent five trials each for grade and speed, while ventilation was monitored breath-by-breath. For each subject, ventilation versus time for all five of the speed trials was plotted on a single graph and fitted by linear regression. The data for the grade trials were similarly treated. For all subjects, the slope of the regression line for the speed plots was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that for the grade plots. We concluded that these experimental results support the hypothesis that the neural drive to ventilation persists as exercise continues and is proportionately related to the frequency of limb movement.