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1.
Phylogenetic position of some free‐living litostomatean taxa has not been correctly determined because of long‐branch artifacts in 18S rRNA gene trees. The main aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of various masking algorithms, tree‐building techniques, binarization of DNA data as well as combining morphological and molecular data to eliminate long‐branch attraction of two problematic groups, helicoprorodontids and chaeneids. Guidance and SlowFaster masking in a combination with PhyloBayesian tree construction erased the artifactual positions of helicoprorodontids and chaeneids. On the other hand, binarization of DNA sequences and the strategy of combining morphological and molecular data eliminated only the artifactual position of chaeneids but not that of helicoprorodontids which were still being attracted by out‐group taxa. According to statistical tree topology tests and comparative morphological studies, helicoprorodontids are classified as a distinct order while chaeneids are considered to be fast evolving members of the order Lacrymariida. The high body contractility, “cephalization” of the anterior body end, and helicalization of the anterior portion of some or all somatic ciliary rows indicate relatedness of helicoprorodontids, chaeneids, and lacrymariids. On the other hand, the dorsal brush separated from the circumoral kinety by dense ciliary files supports kinships of chaeneids, lacrymariids, and didiniids.  相似文献   
2.
Insect and veteran trees are important parts of ecosystems and are usually included in ecological studies of forest management. The loss of veteran trees in woodlands and open landscapes would lead to the loss of saproxylic organisms—an important part of biodiversity. Hence, the persistence of many specialized insects depends on the presence of veteran trees scattered in woodlands (e.g. ancient wood pastures, game parks or protected areas), cities, towns and villages (e.g. avenues, parks or chateau parks) or open landscapes (e.g. fishpond dams, solitary trees or fruit orchards). Veteran tree conditions could be fairly well described by three components—diameter, age and microhabitats present. The problem is that diameter belongs to the most studied characteristics, while age and microhabitats, which can be quite complicated to measure, are much less studied. This paper illustrates that, due to this unbalanced use of indicators of veteran-tree conditions, we are still missing some important information on saproxylic species ecology—and sometimes only large trees might be studied, rather than real veterans. Although we already know that veteran trees are essential habitat for a range of saproxylic organisms, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the specific conditions that veteran trees provide. It is vital that these are quantified and understood so that this information can be used to conserve veteran trees and their associated species.  相似文献   
3.
The application of pectinases in industrial olive-oil processes is restricted by its production cost. Consequently, new fungal strains able to produce higher pectinase titers are required. The aim of this work was to study the capability of Aspergillus giganteus NRRL10 to produce pectinolytic enzymes by SSF and evaluate the application of these in olive-oil extraction. A. giganteus was selected among 12 strains on the basis of high pectinolytic activity and stability. A mixture composed by wheat bran, orange, and lemon peels was selected as the best substrate for enzyme production. Statistical analyses of the experimental design indicated that pH, temperature, and CaCl2 are the main factors that affect the production. Subsequently, different aeration flows were tested in a tray reactor; the highest activity was achieved at 20 L min?1 per kilogram of dry substrate (kgds). Finally, the pectinolytic enzymes from A. giganteus improved the oil yield and rheological characteristics without affecting oil chemical properties.  相似文献   
4.
Crop improvement is a long-term, expensive institutional endeavor. Genomic selection (GS), which uses single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information to estimate genomic breeding values, has proven efficient to increasing genetic gain by accelerating the breeding process in animal breeding programs. As for crop improvement, with few exceptions, GS applicability remains in the evaluation of algorithm performance. In this study, we examined factors related to GS applicability in line development stage for grain yield using a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) doubled-haploid population. The performance of GS was evaluated in two consecutive years to predict grain yield. In general, the semi-parametric reproducing kernel Hilbert space prediction algorithm outperformed parametric genomic best linear unbiased prediction. For both parametric and semi-parametric algorithms, an upward bias in predictability was apparent in within-year cross-validation, suggesting the prerequisite of cross-year validation for a more reliable prediction. Adjusting the training population’s phenotype for genotype by environment effect had a positive impact on GS model’s predictive ability. Possibly due to marker redundancy, a selected subset of SNPs at an absolute pairwise correlation coefficient threshold value of 0.4 produced comparable results and reduced the computational burden of considering the full SNP set. Finally, in the context of an ongoing breeding and selection effort, the present study has provided a measure of confidence based on the deviation of line selection from GS results, supporting the implementation of GS in wheat variety development.  相似文献   
5.
6.
The study of the evolutionary interrelationships among the species encompassed in the Neotropical genus Argia (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) has been neglected. The goal of this study is to infer the phylogenetic relationships among 36 species of Argia Rambur, 1842, using complementary data sets (i.e., larval morphology and mitochondrial DNA). The morphological data set comprises 76% of the larvae currently described for this genus and includes 97 morphological characters. From those, 47 characters have not been previously used in taxonomic studies involving dragonflies’ larvae. This is the first cladistic study based on larvae morphology for species within the suborder Zygoptera. Data partitions were analyzed individually, as well as total evidence, using parsimony and Bayesian inference as criteria for optimal-tree selection. The results support the monophyly of the North American species of Argia. This genus can be identified by the combination of eight synapomorphies, four of which are exclusively found in Argia. According to the optimal trees, the individual data sets (i.e., morphology and DNA sequences) have a high level of homoplasy, resulting in soft polytomies and low support for several nodes. The specific relationships of the terminal units differ between the phylogenies; nonetheless, there is historical congruence among them. Within Argia, five clades were consistently recovered. Most of those clades have been identified, at least in part, in previous phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. Indubitably, the morphological characters from larvae have historical signal useful for cladistic and taxonomic inference. Therefore, it should be a priority to pay more attention to this source of characters.  相似文献   
7.
The functional efficacy of colocalized, linked protein domains is dependent on linker flexibility and system compaction. However, the detailed characterization of these properties in aqueous solution presents an enduring challenge. Here, we employ a novel, to our knowledge, combination of complementary techniques, including small-angle neutron scattering, neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, and all-atom molecular dynamics and coarse-grained simulation, to identify and characterize in detail the structure and dynamics of a compact form of mercuric ion reductase (MerA), an enzyme central to bacterial mercury resistance. MerA possesses metallochaperone-like N-terminal domains (NmerA) tethered to its catalytic core domain by linkers. The NmerA domains are found to interact principally through electrostatic interactions with the core, leashed by the linkers so as to subdiffuse on the surface over an area close to the core C-terminal Hg(II)-binding cysteines. How this compact, dynamical arrangement may facilitate delivery of Hg(II) from NmerA to the core domain is discussed.  相似文献   
8.
Many bark beetles live in a symbiosis with ophiostomatoid fungi but very little is known regarding these fungi in Spain. In this study, we considered the fungi associated with nine bark beetle species and one weevil infesting two native tree species (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra) and one non-native (Pinus radiata) in Cantabria (Northern Spain). This included examination of 239 bark beetles or their galleries. Isolations yielded a total of 110 cultures that included 11 fungal species (five species of Leptographium sensu lato including Leptographium absconditum sp. nov., five species of Ophiostoma sensu lato including Ophiostoma cantabriense sp. nov, and one species of Graphilbum). The most commonly encountered fungal associates of the bark beetles were Grosmannia olivacea, Leptographium procerum, and Ophiostoma canum. The aggressiveness of the collected fungal species was evaluated using inoculations on two-year-old P. radiata seedlings. Leptographium wingfieldii, Leptographium guttulatum, and Ophiostoma ips were the only species capable of causing significant lesions.  相似文献   
9.
Strain 4SM10T, an aerobic marine, Gram-negative, heterotrophic and non pigmented bacterium isolated from seawater from Vinaroz in Castellón, Spain, was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the strain within the Roseobacter clade in the family Rhodobacteraceae. Phylogenetic analyses also showed that strain 4SM10T forms a stable clade with species of the genus Roseovarius, being related to Roseovarius nubinhibens ISMT and Roseovarius aestuarii SMK-122T at 97.5 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity, respectively. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values, determined as a measure of overall genomic resemblance, confirmed that strain 4SM10T does not belong to the same species as R. aestuarii CECT 7745T and Roseovarius nubinhibens CECT 7750T displaying ANI values well below the 95 % boundary for genomic species. Strain 4SM10T requires Na+ plus a divalent cation (either Mg2+ or Ca2+) to grow, reduces nitrate to nitrite and uses a large number of amino acids and organic acids (but no carbohydrates) as sole carbon sources. Enzymatic activities displayed in API ZYM tests are alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase and acid phosphatase. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c (67.1 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 54.27 mol%. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic data obtained, the name Roseovarius albus sp. nov. is proposed for this novel taxon, with the type strain 4SM10T (=CECT 7450T = KCTC 22653T).  相似文献   
10.
Wheat is the most important cereal grown in the European Union and Spain is its fifth largest wheat producer. There is little information about Fusarium species associated with wheat in Spain. Phylogenetic diversity of 51 strains belonging to Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) isolated from Spanish wheat was investigated using partial sequences of the translation elongation factor gene (EF-1α). Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian analysis of aligned DNA sequences resolved 18 haplotypes and 7 phylogenetic species. Strains morphologically identified as F. equiseti belonged to two different phylogenetic species, FIESC-5 and FIESC-14. Some correlation between phylogenetic species and geographical region was found. The present results highlight the potential contribution of FIESC to the mycotoxin contamination of Spanish wheat.  相似文献   
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