Seasonal changes in the biomass of floating leaved plant,Trapa spp., and its relation with a leaf beetle,Galerucella nipponensis,in Lake Inba,Japan

Limnology - Trapa spp. dominate many shallow eutrophic lakes in Japan, which must affect the nutrient dynamics in lakes. Trapa spp. are utilized by several animals, in particular the leaf beetle,...     

Pummerer Rearrangement of Selenium-Containing Uracil Nucleosides

Abstract

Pummerer-type rearrangement of uracil nucleosides having a phenylseleno group in the 2′-, 3′-, and 5′-positions took place upon oxidation with MCPBA in CH₂Cl₂ followed by treatment with acid anhydrides to yield α-acyloxyselenides.     

An attempt to determine lipid peroxides with polyethylene glycol-modified hemin

Hemin, having two carboxyl groups, was coupled with alpha-(3-aminopropyl)-omega-methoxypoly(oxyethylene) through the acid-amide bond formed with carbodiimide. The modified hemin catalyzed the peroxidase reaction in 1,1,1-trichloroethane using benzoyl peroxide or peroxides in unsaturated fatty acids as the hydrogen acceptor and leuco crystal violet as the hydrogen donor. A basic study on quantitative microanalysis of the lipid peroxides was attempted.     

Lipid composition of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells: characterization of globoside as a major neutral glycolipid

We have studied the lipid composition of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells cultured in the presence and absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). Neutral and acidic lipid fractions were isolated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The total lipid concentration was approximately 220 micrograms/mg of protein, and the concentration of neutral glycolipids was 1.6-1.8 microgram/mg of protein for both NGF-treated and untreated cells. The neutral glycolipid fraction contained a major component, which accounted for approximately 80% of the total and which was characterized as globoside on the basis of HPTLC mobility, carbohydrate analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and mild acid hydrolysis. The major fatty acids of globoside were C16:0 (10%), C18:0 (16%), C22:0 (23%), C24:1 (17%), and C24:0 (24%). C18 sphingenine accounted for almost all of the long-chain bases. The other neutral glycolipids were tentatively identified as glucosylceramide (15%), lactosylceramide (4%), and globotriosylceramide (4.5%). The concentration of ganglioside sialic acid was approximately 0.34 and 0.18 microgram/mg of protein for cells grown in the presence and absence of NGF, respectively. Although there was an increase in ganglioside concentration in NGF-treated cells, NGF did not produce any differential effects on the relative proportions of the individual gangliosides. Several of the gangliosides appear to contain fucose, and one of these was tentatively identified as fucosyl-GM1. Brain-type gangliosides of the ganglio series were also detected by an HPTLC-immunostaining method. However, the fatty acid and long chain base compositions of PC12 cell gangliosides (and their TLC mobility) differ from those of brain gangliosides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Diurnal variations in response of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity to food intake

Effects of fasting and refeeding on the hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity were examined in rats that had been fed during the night. The tyrosine aminotransferase activity showed clear diurnal variations, with a maximal activity after the feeding time. The tyrosine aminotransferase rhythm persisted even under starvation, though the amplitude decreased remarkably. When the starved rats were refed at night, the tyrosine aminotransferase activity increased rapidly to a high level, but it increased slowly to a rather lower level when they were refed in daytime.     

Analysis of the mode of antigen presentation required for triggering of T cell proliferation by using various azobenzenearsonate-tyrosine derivatives

Various azobenzenearsonate-tyrosine (ABA-Tyr) derivatives were synthesized by modifying amino and carboxyl groups at the alpha-carbon of tyrosine, with preservation of most of the ABA-Tyr moiety (ABA plus hydroxyphenyl portion of tyrosine). These derivatives were tested for the ability to stimulate ABA-L-Tyr specific T cell lines derived from B10.BR and B10.S mice. ABA-acetyltyramine, ABA-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (ABA-PPr), and ABA-propylphenol, which lack either the carboxyl or amino group or both, could not induce T cell proliferation. The lack of stimulation by these derivatives was not due to their cytotoxic effects. A similar pattern of proliferation was obtained on stimulating lymph node T cells from B10.BR and B10.S mice primed with ABA-L-Tyr. Some differences were observed, however, between B10.BR and B10.S mice. ABA-L-Tyr-specific T cells from B10.BR mice could not respond well to ABA-D-Tyr in contrast to B10.S T cells. Furthermore, B10.BR mice primed with ABA-acetyltyramine or ABA-PPr in complete Freund's adjuvant could not induce ABA-L-Tyr-reactive T cells, whereas T cells from B10.S mice primed with these derivatives could proliferate in the presence of ABA-L-Tyr. The differences between B10.BR and B10.S mice were further investigated by using (B10.S X B10.BR)F1 mice. T cells from ABA-L-Tyr-immunized F1 mice responded poorly to ABA-D-Tyr when presented with B10.BR antigen-presenting cells (APC), but responded well when presented with B10.S APC. Similarly, T cells from ABA-PPr-primed F1 mice did not proliferate to ABA-L-Tyr in the presence of B10.BR APC, but could proliferate in the presence of B10.S APC. Our results clearly indicate that the presence of charged groups at the alpha-carbon of tyrosine plays a critical role in the triggering of ABA-L-Tyr-specific T cell proliferation. The significance of these results is discussed.     

Ultracytochemical localizations of adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase and cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity on the trophoblast in the human placenta. Direct histochemical evidence

Ultracytochemical localizations of cyclic nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes, namely adenylate cyclase (AC), guanylate cyclase (GC) and cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), have been demonstrated in the human term placenta. AC activity was found positive on the basal plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and on the pinocytotic vesicle of the fetal capillary endothelial cell. GC activity was observed to be strong on the plasma membrane of the microvilli of the syncytiotrophoblast. The cAMP PDE activity was shown positive both on the basal plasma membrane and on the microvillous membrane, while cGMP PDE activity was exclusively confined to the microvilli of the syncytiotrophoblast. These observations suggest that the syncytiotrophoblast plays an important role in the cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the human term placenta and that there might be significant functional differences between its basal plasma membrane and its microvillous membrane.     

Analysis of Flow Phenomena in Gastric Contents Induced by Human Gastric Peristalsis Using CFD

This paper uses computational fluid dynamics to simulate and analyze intragastric fluid motions induced by human peristalsis. We created a two-dimensional computational domain of the distal stomach where peristalsis occurs. The motion of the gastric walls induced by an antral contraction wave (ACW) on the wall of the computational domain was well simulated using a function defined in this study. Retropulsive flow caused by ACW was observed near the occluded region, reaching its highest velocity of approximately 12 mm/s in the narrowest region. The viscosity of the model gastric contents applied in this study hardly affected the highest velocity, but greatly affected the velocity profile in the computational domain. The shear rate due to gastric fluid motion was calculated using the numerical output data. The shear rate reached relatively high values of approximately 20 s⁻¹ in the most occluded region. The shear rate profile was almost independent of the fluid viscosity. We also simulated mass transfer of a gastric digestive enzyme (pepsin) in model gastric content when peristalsis occurs on the gastric walls. The visualized simulation results suggest that gastric peristalsis is capable of efficiently mixing pepsin secreted from the gastric walls with an intragastric fluid.