Loss processes influencing growth of planktonic bacterial populations in Lake Constance

The fate of bacterial production in a deep mesotrophic lakehas been investigated on the basis of a multiple approach combiningfield and experimental studies. Bacterial production gains asestimated by measurements of methyl-[³H]thymidine incorporationinto macromolecules appeared to be more or less balanced bycorresponding grazing losses. This was suggested by consideringabundance and grazing potential of presumed grazers as wellas by following in time the binding of labelled bacteria bylarger sized organisms. Moreover, strong increases in bacterialnet growth were always observed after removal of grazers fromthe water samples. As was indicated by independent approaches,phagotrophic microflagellates were mainly responsible for theobserved grazing losses. Support for the importance of alternativeloss processes such as sinking or autolysis was given neitherby field observations nor by long-term expenments with exclusionof grazers. It is concluded that phagotrophic microflagellatesmay be regarded as important functional components of planktoniccommunities in freshwater lakes.     

Bioprospecting of Turbinaria Macroalgae as a Potential Source of Health Protective Compounds

The present study aims to focus on the bioprospecting of marine macroalgae of Turbinaria species, plenteous biomass of the world ocean. Three types of solvents, i.e., H₂O, MeOH/H₂O (80:20, v/v) and hexane/i‐PrOH (50:50, v/v), were used for extraction. Both the biological activity and the pattern of present chemicals were characterized. For the cell proliferation assay, the human embryonic kidney 293 cells, cervix/breast/pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma cells were used. For the antioxidant activity determination, both intracellular assay with human embryonic kidney and cervix adenocarcinoma cells, as well as the biochemical DPPH test, were employed. To complete the information about macroalgae composition, organic compounds were characterized by the liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Attention was concentrated mainly on the lipidomic profile characterization. In spite the fact that any significant antiproliferative effect was not observed for cancer cells, both the Turbinaria species were shown to be good protectors against the oxidative stress of the non‐cancer cells. Most of the antioxidants were determined in the hexane/i‐PrOH extract. As regards the lipids identified, most of them belonged to the triacylglycerols followed by sphingomyelins, diacylglycerols, and polar (lyso)phospholipids. Additionally to fatty acids with 14, 16 and 18 carbons, also those with odd carbon numbers were frequently present.     

Characterization of the Jembrana Disease Virus tat Gene and the cis- and trans-Regulatory Elements in Its Long Terminal Repeats

Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is a newly identified bovine lentivirus that is closely related to the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). JDV contains a tat gene, encoded by two exons, which has potent transactivation activity. Cotransfection of the JDV tat expression plasmid with the JDV promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct pJDV-U3R resulted in a substantial increase in the level of CAT mRNA transcribed from the JDV long terminal repeat (LTR) and a dramatic increase in the CAT protein level. Deletion analysis of the LTR sequences showed that sequences spanning nucleotides −68 to +53, including the TATA box and the predicted first stem-loop structure of the predicted Tat response element (TAR), were required for efficient transactivation. The results, derived from site-directed mutagenesis experiments, suggested that the base pairing in the stem of the first stem-loop structure in the TAR region was important for JDV Tat-mediated transactivation; in contrast, nucleotide substitutions in the loop region of JDV TAR had less effect. For the JDV LTR, upstream sequences, from nucleotide −196 and beyond, as well as the predicted secondary structures in the R region, may have a negative effect on basal JDV promoter activity. Deletion of these regions resulted in a four- to fivefold increase in basal expression. The JDV Tat is also a potent transactivator of other animal and primate lentivirus promoters. It transactivated BIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTRs to levels similar to those with their homologous Tat proteins. In contrast, HIV-1 Tat has minimal effects on JDV LTR expression, whereas BIV Tat moderately transactivated the JDV LTR. Our study suggests that JDV may use a mechanism of transactivation similar but not identical to those of other animal and primate lentiviruses.     

Designing Programs for Eliminating Canine Rabies from Islands: Bali,Indonesia as a Case Study

Background

Canine rabies is one of the most important and feared zoonotic diseases in the world. In some regions rabies elimination is being successfully coordinated, whereas in others rabies is endemic and continues to spread to uninfected areas. As epidemics emerge, both accepted and contentious control methods are used, as questions remain over the most effective strategy to eliminate rabies. The Indonesian island of Bali was rabies-free until 2008 when an epidemic in domestic dogs began, resulting in the deaths of over 100 people. Here we analyze data from the epidemic and compare the effectiveness of control methods at eliminating rabies.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using data from Bali, we estimated the basic reproductive number, R ₀, of rabies in dogs, to be ∼1·2, almost identical to that obtained in ten–fold less dense dog populations and suggesting rabies will not be effectively controlled by reducing dog density. We then developed a model to compare options for mass dog vaccination. Comprehensive high coverage was the single most important factor for achieving elimination, with omission of even small areas (<0.5% of the dog population) jeopardizing success. Parameterizing the model with data from the 2010 and 2011 vaccination campaigns, we show that a comprehensive high coverage campaign in 2012 would likely result in elimination, saving ∼550 human lives and ∼$15 million in prophylaxis costs over the next ten years.

Conclusions/Significance

The elimination of rabies from Bali will not be achieved through achievable reductions in dog density. To ensure elimination, concerted high coverage, repeated, mass dog vaccination campaigns are necessary and the cooperation of all regions of the island is critical. Momentum is building towards development of a strategy for the global elimination of canine rabies, and this study offers valuable new insights about the dynamics and control of this disease, with immediate practical relevance.     

Biogas digester for palm oil mill wastes and 1.8 Mw generating system in Gunung Meliau,with linkage to Pontianak system

Summary In a common palm-oil industry 400 tons of fresh fruit bunches are processed each day. The wastes resulting from this processing (64% in weight of the fresh fruit) are burned to produce the steam needed in the processing while the sludge waters are discharged in rivers. A biogas plant of 4×4000 m³ would produce 24 000 m³ biogas per day. If the production, of fertilizer (40 tons/day) is included in the rentability study, the pay-back time is 9 years and the unit cost $US 0.06 per kWh.

---

Resumen En una industria tipo de obtención de aceite de palma se processan más de 400 toneladas diarias de frutos frescos. Los residuos de este proceso (64% del peso fresco de los frutos) se queman para producir el vapor que se necesita en el proceso mientras las aguas residuales se vierten en ríos. Una planta de biogas de 4×4000 m³ produciría 24000 m³ de biogas diarios. Si la producción de fertilizante se incluye en el estudio de rentabilidad, el tiempo de amortización es de 9 años y el coste de la unidad de 0.06 $USA por Kwh.

---

Résumé Dans une industrie de production d'huile de palme, 400 tonnes de noix de palme sont transformées chaque jour. Les déchets résultant de cette transformation (64% en poids du fruit frais) sont brûlés pour produire de la vapeur nécessaire au cours du processus, tandis que les boues résiduaires sont déchargées dans les cours d'eau. Une installation de biométhanisation de 4×4000 m³ traitant l'ensemble de ces déchets pourrait produire 24 000 m³ de biogaz par jour. Si on prend en compte dans l'étude de rentabilité la production d'un effluent à valeur fertilisante à raison de 40 tonnes par jour, le temps de, recouvrement de l'investissement serait de 9 ans et le prix unitaire du kWh de 0.06 dollars US.

     

Owned and Unowned Dog Population Estimation,Dog Management and Dog Bites to Inform Rabies Prevention and Response on Lombok Island,Indonesia

Although Indonesia has been rabies-infected since at least the 1880s, some islands remain rabies-free, such as Lombok. However, due to its adjacency to rabies-infected islands such as Bali and Flores, there is considerable risk of a rabies incursion. As part of a rabies risk assessment project, surveys were conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A photographic-recapture method was employed and the number of unowned dogs was estimated. A total of 400 dog owning households were interviewed, 300 at an urban site and 100 at a rural site. The majority of the interviewed households belonged to the Balinese ethnic group. Owned dogs were more likely male, and non-pedigree or local breed. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi-free roaming or free-roaming but full restriction was reported only at the urban site. Dog bite cases were reported to be higher at the urban site, and commonly affected children/young adults to 20 years old and males. A higher number of unowned dogs was observed at the urban site than at the rural site. Data generated within these surveys can inform rabies risk assessment models to quantify the probability of rabies being released into Lombok and resulting in the infection of the local dog population. The information gained is critical for efforts to educate dog owners about rabies, as a component of preparedness to prevent the establishment of rabies should an incursion occur.