The evolution of primate communities and societies in Madagascar

During their 120 to 165 million years of isolation, the flora and fauna of Madagascar evolved, to a large extent, independently of the African mainland.¹ In contrast to other oceanic islands, Madagascar is large enough to house the major components of tropical ecosystems, allowing tests of evolutionary hypotheses on the level of complete communities. Taking lemurs, the primates of Madagascar, as an example, evolutionary hypotheses correctly predict the organization of their community structure with respect to ecological correlates. Lemur social systems and their morphological correlates, on the other hand, deviate in some respects from those of other primates. Apparently, lemur social systems are influenced by several selection pressures that are weak or rare in other primates. These include variable activity patterns and avoidance of infanticide. The interspecific variation in lemur social systems therefore offers a unique opportunity for a comprehensive study of the determinants of primate social systems.     

基于网络药理学的杜仲-山茱萸配伍治疗糖尿病的作用机制

为探讨杜仲-山茱萸治疗糖尿病的作用机制。研究利用网络药理学的方法,首先通过中药系统药理学数据库筛选出杜仲和山茱萸的活性成分和相关靶点,再利用DisGeNET、DrugBank等数据库筛选出糖尿病的潜在靶点。以STRING数据库对活性靶点构建蛋白互作网络(PPI)分析,采用Cytoscape3.7.0软件绘制其“成分-靶点-通路”的相互作用网络,通过CludterProfiler对靶蛋白进行生物过程、细胞组分及分子功能分析;京都基因与基因组(KEGG)的代谢通路分析。实验结果筛选得到杜仲-山茱萸有效成分30个,其中槲皮素、山奈酚、β-谷甾醇等成分对PTGS2、DPP4、ADRB2、PPARG等相关靶点通过IL-17信号通路、钙信号通路、脂肪细胞脂解的调控等参与氮化合物代谢过程、血液循环、脂肪细胞分化和血压调节等过程。综上,杜仲-山茱萸配伍治疗糖尿病存在多成分和多重药理作用机制,为进一步研究其治疗糖尿病药理实验提供了参考,也为其他中药的相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

纳豆激酶基因的优化设计、合成及其在烟草叶片中的瞬时表达

根据植物偏爱密码子优化设计、合成纳豆激酶基因sNK,利用重叠延伸PCR法在其中插入番茄果实特异性表达基因E8的第一内含子构成sNKi基因,通过农杆菌渗透法将这两种基因渗入到烟草NC89叶片中并实现瞬时表达。通过RT-qPCR法将两种基因在烟草叶片中转录水平的表达量进行比较,结果表明两种基因在烟草叶片中均表达,且sNKi基因的表达量显著高于sNK基因;通过纤维蛋白平板法在两种基因的瞬时表达样品中均能检测到纤溶酶活性,表明目的基因在烟草叶片中可正常翻译并表现出溶栓活性,且sNKi基因在翻译水平的表达量显著高于sNK基因。表明内含子对人工合成的纳豆激酶基因的瞬时表达具有显著的促进作用。     

杂色山雀的婚外父权与配偶间的遗传相容性无关

婚配制度作为一种进化稳定对策是动物对某一环境包括种群内部环境适应的结果。据统计,约92%的鸟类为社会性单配制,但单配制鸟类中很多都存在婚外父权现象,表现出社会性婚配制度与遗传性婚配制度的不一致性。杂色山雀(Parus varius)是一种社会性单配制的小型森林洞巢鸟,其是否存在婚外父权现象至今尚未见报道。通过对杂色山雀进行亲权鉴定以确定其有无婚外父权现象及婚外父权的比例,结果显示:45.45%(20/44)的巢存在婚外父权,14.39%(38/264)的后代为婚外子代,说明杂色山雀具有较高的婚外父权水平。进一步探究其婚外父权的发生原因,结果如下:(1)有、无婚外父权巢的社会性亲本之间的遗传相似性无显著差异(P=0.504);(2)有婚外父权巢中婚内子代和无婚外父权巢中子代的杂合度(P=0.118)以及有婚外父权巢中婚外子代与婚内子代的杂合度(P=0.206)均无显著差异。(3)有婚外父权巢中的婚内子代与婚外子代间8项体征指标比较,差异均不显著(Ps0.05)。综上,社会性单配制杂色山雀婚外父权的发生与配偶间的遗传相容性无关,还有待从其他角度进行探究。     

马铃薯杂种无性株系的SSR鉴定及花粉育性和染色体构型分析

为明确马铃薯‘MB09’ב陇薯7号’杂种F1无性株系在DNA和细胞遗传学水平上的差异,该试验以亲本材料为对照,利用SSR分子标记技术对其20个优良无性株系(F1无性系一代)的DNA指纹特征进行分析,并采用常规制片镜检方法对已选出的8个杂种优良株系(F1无性系二代)的花粉育性及花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMCMⅠ)的染色体配对构型进行了研究,为马铃薯杂交新品系选育提供分子细胞遗传学依据。结果显示:(1)试验共筛选出2对SSR特异引物C57和S25,通过PCR扩增建立了能识别出这20个杂种株系及其双亲的SSR指纹图。(2)杂种优异株系F1-1、F1-2、F1-7、F1-11、F1-13、F1-14、F1-15和F1-20的花粉可育率变幅为36.73%~87.08%,并以株系F1-7最高(87.08%),而且显著超过高亲(83.33%),说明各优良株系花粉育性有一定差异。(3)对8个优异株系花粉母细胞的PMCMⅠ观察发现,各优良株系的染色体配对构型明显不同,均包括单价体、二价体、三价体和四价体4类,其中二价体构型的比例最高,其介于49.13%~82.91%之间,其中以株系F1-7的二价体比例最高(82.91%)。该研究明确了20个马铃薯杂种优良株系的SSR指纹特征和8个优异株系的花粉育性及染色体配对构型差异。     

海洋真菌Xylaria sp.SOF11中细胞松弛素类化合物的研究

从海洋真菌Xylaria sp.SOF11的液体发酵提取物中分离到3个化合物,通过1H及13C NMR,2D NMR等方法,分别鉴定为19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q(1)、18-deoxy-19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q(2)和19,20-epoxycytochala-sin C(3)。化合物1～3对两株肿瘤细胞MCF-7和NCI-H460显示较弱的细胞毒活性。     

改良CCI大鼠痛行为学检测与损伤区自发放电活动再观察

目的：应用改良CCI模型研究外周神经损伤后痛觉过敏和自发放电各自特征及相互关系。方法：雄性SD大鼠,随机分为CCI组和Sham组,分别于术前1天和术后1、4、7、9、11、14天测定机械刺激缩足反射阈值和热缩腿反射潜伏期,同时选取术侧机械刺激缩腿反射阈值低于4g或者术侧和健侧热缩腿反射潜伏期差异大于2s的CCI模型大鼠观察术后4-14天损伤区自发放电活动。结果：神经纤维损伤后,机械痛敏和热痛敏随时间表现为逐渐增强,同时在损伤区观察到三类放电模式：整数倍放电﹑阵发放电和周期放电。结论：术后大鼠机械痛阈和热痛阈逐渐降低,机械痛敏的产生和损伤区自发放电活动关系密切,不同的放电模式可能代表不同的传入信息。     

Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982–2008

Changes in vegetative growing seasons are dominant indicators of the dynamic response of ecosystems to climate change. Therefore, knowledge of growing seasons over the past decades is essential to predict ecosystem changes. In this study, the long‐term changes in the growing seasons of temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere were examined by analyzing satellite‐measured normalized difference vegetation index and reanalysis temperature during 1982–2008. Results showed that the length of the growing season (LOS) increased over the analysis period; however, the role of changes at the start of the growing season (SOS) and at the end of the growing season (EOS) differed depending on the time period. On a hemispheric scale, SOS advanced by 5.2 days in the early period (1982–1999) but advanced by only 0.2 days in the later period (2000–2008). EOS was delayed by 4.3 days in the early period, and it was further delayed by another 2.3 days in the later period. The difference between SOS and EOS in the later period was due to less warming during the preseason (January–April) before SOS compared with the magnitude of warming in the preseason (June–September) before EOS. At a regional scale, delayed EOS in later periods was shown. In North America, EOS was delayed by 8.1 days in the early period and delayed by another 1.3 days in the later period. In Europe, the delayed EOS by 8.2 days was more significant than the advanced SOS by 3.2 days in the later period. However, in East Asia, the overall increase in LOS during the early period was weakened in the later period. Admitting regional heterogeneity, changes in hemispheric features suggest that the longer‐lasting vegetation growth in recent decades can be attributed to extended leaf senescence in autumn rather than earlier spring leaf‐out.     

中国特有植物血水草RAPD反应体系的优化

为建立血水草的RAPD-PCR最佳反应体系,对影响血水草RAPD反应的Mg²⁺、模板DNA、dNTPs、引物浓度和Taq聚合酶用量等因素进行优化。结果表明：25 μL反应体系中含10×Buffer 2.5 μL,1.8 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺,2U Taq DNA聚合酶,50 ng模板,0.2 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs,1.6 μmol·L^-1引物。扩增程序为：94℃预变性2 min;预扩增：94℃变性20 s,36℃退火30 s,72℃延伸75 s,5个循环;扩增：94℃变性20 s,40℃退火30 s,72℃延伸60 s,40个循环;72℃保温20 min,4℃保存。所建立的血水草RAPD-PCR反应体系具有标记位点清晰、反应系统稳定、检测多态性能力强、重复性好等特点,可以较好地应用于血水草的遗传多样性分析研究。