全文获取类型
收费全文 | 96319篇 |
免费 | 482篇 |
国内免费 | 812篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 31篇 |
2022年 | 34篇 |
2021年 | 109篇 |
2020年 | 79篇 |
2019年 | 91篇 |
2018年 | 11922篇 |
2017年 | 10730篇 |
2016年 | 7584篇 |
2015年 | 773篇 |
2014年 | 462篇 |
2013年 | 519篇 |
2012年 | 4441篇 |
2011年 | 13010篇 |
2010年 | 12154篇 |
2009年 | 8346篇 |
2008年 | 9924篇 |
2007年 | 11501篇 |
2006年 | 397篇 |
2005年 | 623篇 |
2004年 | 1071篇 |
2003年 | 1089篇 |
2002年 | 865篇 |
2001年 | 322篇 |
2000年 | 200篇 |
1999年 | 89篇 |
1998年 | 34篇 |
1997年 | 41篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 45篇 |
1992年 | 47篇 |
1991年 | 67篇 |
1990年 | 33篇 |
1989年 | 27篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 31篇 |
1986年 | 15篇 |
1985年 | 19篇 |
1984年 | 24篇 |
1983年 | 30篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 251篇 |
1971年 | 279篇 |
1965年 | 16篇 |
1962年 | 24篇 |
1944年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Benjamin B Wheatley Gregory M Odegard Kenton R Kaufman Tammy L Haut Donahue 《Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology》2017,16(3):1011-1022
The passive properties of skeletal muscle are often overlooked in muscle studies, yet they play a key role in tissue function in vivo. Studies analyzing and modeling muscle passive properties, while not uncommon, have never investigated the role of fluid content within the tissue. Additionally, intramuscular pressure (IMP) has been shown to correlate with muscle force in vivo and could be used to predict muscle force in the clinic. In this study, a novel model of skeletal muscle was developed and validated to predict both muscle stress and IMP under passive conditions for the New Zealand White Rabbit tibialis anterior. This model is the first to include fluid content within the tissue and uses whole muscle geometry. A nonlinear optimization scheme was highly effective at fitting model stress output to experimental stress data (normalized mean square error or NMSE fit value of 0.993) and validation showed very good agreement to experimental data (NMSE fit values of 0.955 and 0.860 for IMP and stress, respectively). While future work to include muscle activation would broaden the physiological application of this model, the passive implementation could be used to guide surgeries where passive muscle is stretched. 相似文献
2.
3.
Megan Cross Manuel Fernandes Heinrich Dirr Sylvia Fanucchi 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2015,398(1-2):83-93
The chloride intracellular channel protein, CLIC1, is synthesised as a soluble monomer that can reversibly bind membranes. Soluble CLIC1 is proposed to respond to the low pH found at a membrane surface by partially unfolding and restructuring into a membrane-competent conformation. This transition is proposed to be controlled by strategically located “pH-sensor” residues that become protonated at acidic pH. In this study, we investigate the role of two conserved glutamate residues, Glu85 in the N-domain and Glu228 in the C-domain, as pH-sensors. E85L and E228L CLIC1 variants were created to reduce pH sensitivity by permanently breaking the bonds these residues form. The structure and stability of each variant was compared to the wild type at both pH 7.0 and pH 5.5. Neither substitution significantly altered the structure but both decreased the conformational stability. Furthermore, E85L CLIC1 formed a urea-induced unfolding intermediate state at both pH 7 and pH 5.5 compared to wild-type and E228L CLIC1 which only formed the intermediate at pH 5.5. We conclude that Glu85 and Glu228 are two of the five pH-sensor residues of CLIC1 and contribute to the pH-response in different ways. Glu228 lowers the stability of the native state at pH 5.5, while Glu85 contributes both to the stability of the native state and to the formation of the intermediate state. By putting these interactions into the context of the three previously described CLIC1 pH-sensor residues, we propose a mechanism for the conversion of CLIC1 from the soluble state to the pre-membrane form. 相似文献
4.
Raimundo Wagner Souza Aguiar Suetonio Fernandes dos Santos Fabricio da Silva Morgado Sergio Donizeti Ascencio Magnólia de Mendon?a Lopes Kelvinson Fernandes Viana Julcemar Didonet Bergmann Morais Ribeiro 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
This study investigated the toxic effects of essential oils isolated from Siparuna guianensis against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. The oviposition-deterring activity, egg viability, and repellence activity in the presence of different essential oils concentrations were determined. The essential oils showed high toxicity to all developmental stages of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Furthermore, the oils also showed high repellent activity towards the adult stage of mosquitoes (0.025 to 0.550 μg/cm2 skin conferred 100% repellence up to 120 min) and in contact with cultured insect cells (C6/36) induced death possibly by necrosis. The results presented in this work show the potential of S. guianensis essential oils for the development of an alternative and effective method for the natural control of mosquitoes in homes and urban areas. 相似文献
5.
Ralf Schwamborn 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2018,28(3):587-605
Length-based methods are the cornerstone of many population studies and stock assessments. This study tested two widely used methods: the Powell–Wetherall (P–W) plot and the Lmax approach (i.e., estimating L∞ directly from Lmax). In most simulations, P–W estimates of the ratio total mortality/growth (Z/K ratio) were biased beyond acceptable limits (bias?>?30%). Bias in Z/K showed a complex behavior, without possible corrections. Estimates of asymptotic length (L∞) were less biased than Z/K, but were very sensitive to intra-cohort variability in growth and to changes in the occurrence of large individuals in the sample. Exclusion of the largest size classes during the regression procedure or weighing by abundance does not solve these issues. Perfect linearization of the data and extremely narrow confidence intervals for Z/K will lead users to erroneous overconfidence in outputs. Clearly, the P–W method is not suitable for the assessment of Z/K ratios of natural populations. Estimation of L∞ may be tentatively possible under very specific conditions, with necessary external verifications. Also, this study demonstrates that there is no way to estimate L∞ directly from Lmax, since there is no particular relationship to expect a priori between L∞ and Lmax. Errors in estimating L∞ directly affect the estimate of the growth constant K and all other subsequent calculations in population studies, stock assessments and ecosystem models. New approaches are urgently needed for length-based studies of body growth (e.g., unconstrained curve fit with subsequent bootstrapping), that consider the inherent uncertainty regarding the underlying data and processes. 相似文献
6.
Genetic association mapping has been widely applied to determine genetic markers favorably associated with a trait of interest and provide information for marker-assisted selection. Many association mapping studies commonly focus on main effects due to intolerable computing intensity. This study aims to select several sets of DNA markers with potential epistasis to maximize genetic variations of some key agronomic traits in barley. By doing so, we integrated a MDR (multifactor dimensionality reduction) method with a forward variable selection approach. This integrated approach was used to determine single nucleotide polymorphism pairs with epistasis effects associated with three agronomic traits: heading date, plant height, and grain yield in barley from the barley Coordinated Agricultural Project. Our results showed that four, seven, and five SNP pairs accounted for 51.06, 45.66 and 40.42% for heading date, plant height, and grain yield, respectively with epistasis being considered, while corresponding contributions to these three traits were 45.32, 31.39, 31.31%, respectively without epistasis being included. The results suggested that epistasis model was more effective than non-epistasis model in this study and can be more preferred for other applications. 相似文献
7.
8.
Paul M. Severns 《Journal of Insect Conservation》2008,12(6):651-661
Fender’s blue butterfly is an endangered species restricted to fragmented, grassland remnants that are becoming increasingly
dominated by tall, invasive grasses in western Oregon, USA. I performed a removal experiment to assess the impacts of structural
degradation accompanying the invasion of Arrhenatherum elatius, tall oat grass, on butterfly fitness and fitness related behaviors. Clipping of A. elatius to native grass sward height resulted in 2.5–5 times as many eggs laid per leaf of host plant. Both male and female butterflies
basked more frequently in areas removed of A. elatius inflorescences and upon encountering the treatment edge butterflies had a high rate of return into a large area removed of
the grass inflorescences. Although butterfly behavior appeared to be affected by the change in sward height on the treatment
edge, there was no evidence for the edge causing a disproportionate egg load. Invasion and dominance by A. elatius appeared to diminish host plant apparency which may result in overloading of eggs on conspicuous host plants, increased incidence
of emigration, and a decrease in the likelihood of colonization because female butterflies appeared indifferent to larval
resources beneath A. elatius inflorescences. Dominance of natural shortgrass prairies by tall stature grasses like A. elatius may be an insidious form of habitat degradation for grassland Lepidoptera worldwide, but it may go largely unnoticed because
larval and adult resources can persist under the unnaturally tall grass canopy. 相似文献
9.
A recursive least squares based on Multi-model is proposed for non-uniformly sampled-data nonlinear (NUSDN) systems. The corresponding state space model of an NUSDN system is derived using lifting technique. Taking advantage of the Fuzzy c-Mean Clustering algorithm, NUSDN is divided into several local models. The basic idea is that the NUSDN system is viewed as a model switching system under a given rule. Once the local models are identified, the global model is determined. A pH neutralization process validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. 相似文献
10.
Andreas König 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2008,54(1):101-109
Throughout Central Europe, foxes have taken over urban areas as their habitat. In Southern Germany, these foxes are also carriers
of the small fox tapeworm, which causes a serious zoonotic infection in humans. Therefore, a survey was carried out in a suburb
of the city of Munich. A postal questionnaire was used to analyse the attitudes, opinions and fears of these participants
towards their urban foxes and the background to these attitudes. Questionnaires were sent to all households with gardens and
collected in again via the community council. Seven hundred and seventy-nine or 31% of questionnaires were returned. Only
a few people are afraid of the fox itself; however, 55% are afraid of the fox tapeworm. Worming the animals is the preferred
counter-measure, with 81% in favour. The majority of inhabitants are pleased to see a fox in the community and feel the animals
have a right to live. People are afraid of the tapeworm either because they have children in the household or because of increased
knowledge of the subject or because it has increasingly become an issue. On the basis of the results of this study, it is
to be expected that radical solutions such as killing the foxes are unlikely to be accepted among the population. Worming
of the foxes does, however, meet with general approval. 相似文献