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1.
In many high latitude-breeding avian species, reproductive andwintering seasons are separated by migratory periods that involvedramatic physiological and behavioral adjustments such as hyperphagiaand fat deposition. The endocrine mechanisms responsible forthese adjustments have been extensively studied, yet remainonly partly understood. The currently available informationindicates that food consumption and/or fattening can be experimentallymodulated by multiple hormones including testosterone, prolactin,glucocorticoids, and opioids. These hormones may control migratoryfunctions through mutual interactions rather than independently.Little is known, however, concerning the nature of these interactionsand their relative importance in the control of annual cyclesin natural conditions. This paper focuses on the role of gonadalandrogens in the control of migratory functions, and it summarizesthe information which is available on the physiological andbehavioral interactions between these androgens and other hormones.  相似文献   
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IntroductionCell damage inescapably occurs during both the freezing and the thawing graft processes for autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. To estimate HSC injury, a quality control is performed including: (i) CD34+ quantification; (ii) percentage of CD34+ viability and (iii) evaluation of HSC functional ability to form colony forming unit–granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM). Apoptosis involves complex pathways such as caspase enzymes. Here, we assess the extent of apoptosis that is caspase-dependent before and after cryoconservation of CD34+, using a Fluorescent Labeled Inhibitor of CAspases (FLICA).MethodsCaspase pathway activation status was evaluated in 46 patients (multiple myeloma [n = 24], lymphoma [n = 22]), by flow cytometry, using a 7-aminoactinomycin-D (7AAD)/FLICA staining test, in CD34+, CD3+, CD14+ and CD56+ cells. Viable 7AAD?/FLICA+ cells were then correlated with various parameters.ResultsWe showed a significant caspase pathway activation, with 23% CD34+/7AAD?/FLICA+ cells after thawing, compared with the 2% described in fresh CD34+ cells (P < 0.0001). Moreover, caspase pathway was significantly activated in thawing CD3+, CD56+ and CD14+ cells. We also report a significant correlation between the rate of CD34+/7AAD?/FLICA+ cells and post-thawing granulocytes count (P = 0.042) and their potential to be differentiated into CFU-GM (P = 0.004).DiscussionOur results show substantial cell death, induced by the increase of caspase pathway activation, secondary to the thawing process, and across all study cell types. This observation may affect the immune response quality during recipient aplasia, without detecting a clinical impact. Moreover, caspase pathway activation through CD3+ and CD56+ subpopulations could modify the therapeutic result of donor lymphocytes infusion (DLI).  相似文献   
3.
1. The way light stress controls the recruitment of aquatic plants (phanerogams and charophytes) is a key process controlling plant biodiversity, although still poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate how light stress induced by phytoplankton, that is, independent from the aquatic plants themselves, determines the recruitment and establishment of plant species from the propagule bank. The hypotheses were that an increase in light stress (i) decreases abundance and species richness both of established aquatic plants and of propagules in the bank and (ii) decreases the recruitment success of plants from this bank. 2. These hypotheses were tested in 25 shallow lakes representing a light stress gradient, by sampling propagule banks before the recruitment phase and when the lakes are devoid of actively growing plants (i.e. at the end of winter), established vegetation at the beginning of the summer and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) during the recruitment and establishment phase. 3. The phytoplankton biomass was negatively correlated with the richness and abundance of established vegetation but was not correlated with the propagule bank (neither species richness nor propagule abundance). The similarity between the propagule bank and established vegetation decreased significantly with increasing phytoplankton biomass. 4. The contrast in species composition between the vegetation and the propagule bank at the highest light stress suggests poor recruitment from the propagule bank but prompts questions about its origin. It could result from dispersal of propagules from neighbouring systems. Propagules could also originate from a persistent propagule bank formerly produced in the lake, suggesting strong year‐to‐year variation in light stress and, as a consequence, in recruitment and reproductive success of plants.  相似文献   
4.
Abstract: The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia Pol?ak, 1967 from Istria, Croatia, is currently known from the Coniacian/Maastrichtian of the peri‐Adriatic and Balkan regions and includes 23 nominal species, defined mainly on shell ornamentation and radial bands. However, a re‐appraisal of ‘Radiolitesendrissi Boehm, 1927 shows the type species of the genus Gorjanovicia, G. costata Pol?ak, 1967, to be a junior synonym of Boehm’s species, which thus takes priority as the type species of Gorjanovicia. Our revision of the 24 species thus described from the literature is based on analysis of a set of 21 characters that include the dimensions, shape and ornamentation of the right valve. Sixteen variables are defined from combinations of these 21 characters and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and Hill and Smith analysis (HSA), with cluster analysis, which has allowed us to distinguish three taxonomic groups, each defined by a key species: Gorjanovicia endrissi (Boehm), G. ugarensis Sli?kovi? and G. kvarneri Pol?ak. Cluster analysis identifies three groups of associated variables and suggests that a limited number of characters may be used to recognize the foregoing three taxonomic entities. MCA performed on four variables (the shapes of the anterior radial band, posterior radial band and interband and the width of the anterior band relative to the posterior band) reveals the same three taxonomic groups as in the MCA based on 16 variables. We conclude that the four variables in question may thus be used as specific diagnostic characters and that the genus Gorjanovicia is thereby represented by just three species, Gorjanovicia endrissi, G. ugarensis and G. kvarneri, instead of the 24 described in the literature. Specific assemblages from the peri‐Adriatic, pre‐Apulian and Western Pontides regions are nearly identical, a pattern that suggests free faunal exchanges within the distributional area of the genus Gorjanovicia. The palaeobiogeographical distribution of species corresponds with a relatively narrow palaeolatitudinal range in the subtropical portion of the eastern Mediterranean Tethys.  相似文献   
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Protandry, the earlier adult emergence of males, is explained as either an adaptive strategy maximizing male mating opportunities at the same time as minimizing female pre‐reproductive mortality, or as an incidental by‐product of sexual dimorphism fuelled by selection for other life‐history traits. Adult emergence sequences are monitored of broods of the gregarious larval endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata L. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) undergoing pupal development under different temperature regimes. As a haplodiploid species with single‐locus complementary sex determination, gender in C. glomerata is determined by the genotype at one sex locus. Haploids are always male, whereas diploids are female when heterozygous but male when homozygous at the sex locus. Sibling mating promotes homozygosity and thus the production of diploid males. Diploid males are produced at the expense of females, and impose a genetic burden on individuals and populations, despite their exceptional fertility in C. glomerata. Emergence of broods is typically completed within 2 days. Irrespective of temperature, males emerge earlier and within a shorter time interval than females, and a majority of the males in a cluster emerge before the first female. The implications of an incomplete temporal segregation of the sexes on the incidence of inbreeding in C. glomerata are discussed in the light of its sex determination mechanism and its patterns of mating, host exploitation and natal dispersal.  相似文献   
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8.
In the next century, the boreal ecosystems are projected to experience greater rates of warming than most other regions of the world. As the boreal forest constitutes a reservoir of trees of huge ecological importance and only partially known economic potential, any possible climate‐related change in plant growth and dynamics has to be promptly predicted and evaluated. A model for assessing xylem phenology in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] using daily temperatures and thermal thresholds was defined and applied to predict changes in onset, ending and duration of xylem growth under different warming scenarios with temperatures rising by up to 3 °C. This was achieved by collecting and analyzing a dataset obtained from a 7‐year monitoring of cambium phenology and wood formation on a weekly time‐scale in trees growing in four sites at different latitudes and altitudes in the Saguenay‐Lac‐Saint‐Jean region (Quebec, Canada). The onset of xylem growth occurred between mid‐May and early June while the end ranged between mid‐September and early October, resulting in a growing season of 101–141 days. The model predicted longer duration of xylem growth at higher temperatures, with an increase of 8–11 days/ °C, because of an earlier onset and later ending of growth. With an increase of 3 °C in the mean temperature during the year, the duration of xylem growth changed on average from 125 to 160 days. The predicted changes in cambial phenology could significantly affect future wood production of the boreal ecosystems.  相似文献   
9.
We studied Grey Partridge Perdix perdix mortality during breeding to identify the environmental causes of a long‐term decline in adult survival. We radiotagged and monitored daily from mid‐March to mid‐September 1009 females on ten contrasting study sites in 1995‐97. Simultaneously, we recorded habitat features and estimated the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers Circus cyaneus and C. aeruginosus Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and mustelids. We experimentally tested whether scavenging could have biased predation rates. We also examined, through the necropsy of 80 carcasses of Grey Partridge, whether disease, parasites or poisoning could have been ultimate causes of high predation rates. The survival rate of radiotagged females during spring and summer ranged from 0.25 to 0.65 across study areas. Mortality peaked in May, June and July when females were laying and incubating. The direct negative impact of farming practices was low (6%). Predation was the main proximate cause of female mortality during breeding (73%) and determined the survival rate, suggesting no compensation by other causes of mortality. Ground carnivores were responsible for 64% of predation cases, and raptors for 29%, but this proportion varied across study sites. Disease and poisoning did not appear to favour predation, and scavenging was not likely to have substantially overestimated predation rates. The predation rate on breeding females was positively correlated with the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers, suggesting an additional mortality in areas where harriers were abundant. The proportion of raptor predation was linearly related to harrier abundance. The predation rate was not correlated with the abundance of the Red Fox and mustelids. A potential density‐dependent effect on the predation rate was confounded by the abundance of harriers. We found no convincing relationship between the predation rate and habitat features, but we observed a positive relationship between the abundance of Hen and Marsh Harriers and the mean field size. This suggested that habitat characteristics may contribute to high predation rates through predator abundance or habitat‐dependent predation.  相似文献   
10.
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