首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   18246篇
  免费   2046篇
  国内免费   822篇
  2023年   205篇
  2022年   236篇
  2021年   687篇
  2020年   602篇
  2019年   655篇
  2018年   706篇
  2017年   537篇
  2016年   686篇
  2015年   1135篇
  2014年   1257篇
  2013年   1354篇
  2012年   1559篇
  2011年   1494篇
  2010年   971篇
  2009年   834篇
  2008年   907篇
  2007年   872篇
  2006年   770篇
  2005年   655篇
  2004年   617篇
  2003年   538篇
  2002年   503篇
  2001年   392篇
  2000年   389篇
  1999年   352篇
  1998年   162篇
  1997年   152篇
  1996年   149篇
  1995年   114篇
  1994年   137篇
  1993年   84篇
  1992年   149篇
  1991年   134篇
  1990年   119篇
  1989年   96篇
  1988年   78篇
  1987年   91篇
  1986年   81篇
  1985年   86篇
  1984年   40篇
  1983年   43篇
  1982年   37篇
  1981年   31篇
  1979年   43篇
  1978年   41篇
  1977年   47篇
  1976年   33篇
  1975年   36篇
  1974年   44篇
  1973年   30篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Over the past several years, considerable progress has been made in the development of gene therapy as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of inherited metabolic diseases, including neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The premise of gene therapy for this group of diseases is borne of findings that genetic modification of a subset of cells can provide a more global benefit by virtue of the ability of the secreted lysosomal enzymes to effect cross-correction of adjacent and distal cells. Preclinical studies in small and large animal models of these disorders support the application of either a direct in vivo approach using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors or an ex vivo strategy using lentiviral vector-modified hematopoietic stem cells to correct the neurological component of these diseases. Early clinical studies utilizing both approaches have begun or are in late-stage planning for a small number of neuropathic LSDs. Although initial indications from these studies are encouraging, it is evident that second-generation vectors that exhibit a greater safety profile and transduction activity may be required before this optimism can be fully realized. Here, I review recent progress and the remaining challenges to treat the neurological aspects of various LSDs using this therapeutic paradigm.  相似文献   
2.
3.
The functional efficacy of colocalized, linked protein domains is dependent on linker flexibility and system compaction. However, the detailed characterization of these properties in aqueous solution presents an enduring challenge. Here, we employ a novel, to our knowledge, combination of complementary techniques, including small-angle neutron scattering, neutron spin-echo spectroscopy, and all-atom molecular dynamics and coarse-grained simulation, to identify and characterize in detail the structure and dynamics of a compact form of mercuric ion reductase (MerA), an enzyme central to bacterial mercury resistance. MerA possesses metallochaperone-like N-terminal domains (NmerA) tethered to its catalytic core domain by linkers. The NmerA domains are found to interact principally through electrostatic interactions with the core, leashed by the linkers so as to subdiffuse on the surface over an area close to the core C-terminal Hg(II)-binding cysteines. How this compact, dynamical arrangement may facilitate delivery of Hg(II) from NmerA to the core domain is discussed.  相似文献   
4.
不同pH缓冲液对由乙酸产甲烷菌群结构的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】研究不同p H缓冲液对乙酸产甲烷过程及对细菌和古菌群落结构的影响。【方法】分别添加磷酸盐(PB)、4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)、哌嗪-1,4-二乙磺酸(PIPES)和Na HCO3/CO2缓冲液到乙酸产甲烷菌系中,定期监测甲烷产生趋势,到稳定期后收集菌体,进行16S rRNA基因的末端限制性片段多态性分析(T-RFLP)。【结果】发现PB组的乙酸产甲烷菌系延滞期约为40d,显著高于其他组的20-24 d(P0.05);Na HCO3/CO2组乙酸转化为甲烷的比例为(88.3±0.5)%,显著高于其他组的77%-81%(P0.05);不同缓冲液组的最大甲烷比生长速率为0.46-0.57 d-1(P0.05);Na HCO3/CO2组的细菌群落变化最明显,主要是未培养细菌(unclassified bacteria)、螺旋菌科细菌(Spirochaetaceae)和未培养WWE1类群的丰度较其他组分别增加到(15.5±9.4)%、(7.3±4.6)%和(17.6±6.3)%,而互养菌科(Synergistaceae)的细菌丰度降低到(8.9±8.1)%。AC+PB组中的古菌类群发生了明显变化,以竹节状甲烷鬃毛菌(Methanosaeta harundinacea)相关的产甲烷古菌占主导(97±2%),而在HEPES、PIPES和Na HCO3/CO2组和不加缓冲液组中同时存在两类乙酸营养型产甲烷古菌M.harundinacea和联合鬃毛甲烷菌(Methanosaeta concilii),以及属于甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)的氢营养型产甲烷古菌。【结论】在乙酸产甲烷菌系中加入PB增加了甲烷产生的延滞期,加入Na HCO3/CO2增加了甲烷产量,但是添加p H缓冲液不会影响到菌系的最大甲烷比生长速率。加入PB和Na HCO3/CO2都会显著改变微生物的菌群结构。这些研究为设计适宜的产甲烷菌系生长条件提供了参考。  相似文献   
5.
β-Adrenergic agonists (β-agonists) are illegally used in animal husbandry, threatening the health of consumers. To realize multianalyte detection of β-agonists, a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) was cloned from Syrian hamster lung and heterogeneously expressed by Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. The recombinant β2-AR was purified from intracellular soluble proteins of infected Sf9 cells, and was utilized to establish an enzyme-linked-receptor assay (ELRA) to detect a group of β-agonists simultaneously. This assay was based on direct competitive inhibition of binding of horseradish peroxidase-labeled ractopamine to the immobilized β2-AR proteins by β-agonists. The IC50 and limit of detection values for ractopamine were 30.38 μg L−1 and 5.20 μg L−1, respectively. Clenbuterol and salbutamol showed 87.7% and 58.5% cross-reactivities with ractopamine, respectively. This assay is simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly, showing a potential application in the screening of β-agonists in animal feeds.  相似文献   
6.
Adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the major enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The Arf1–coat protein complex I (COPI) machinery is known to be engaged in the recruitment of ATGL to lipid droplets (LDs), but the regulatory mechanism has not been clarified. In the present study, we found that ELMOD2, a putative noncanonical Arf–GTPase activating protein (GAP) localizing in LDs, plays an important role in controlling ATGL transport to LDs. We showed that knockdown of ELMOD2 by RNA interference induced an increase in the amount of ATGL existing in LDs and decreased the total cellular triglycerides. These effects of ELMOD2 knockdown were canceled by transfection of small interfering RNA-resistant cDNA of wild-type ELMOD2 but not by that of mutated ELMOD2 lacking the Arf-GAP activity. ELMOD2 was distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as in LDs, but palmitoylation was required only for distribution to LDs. An ELMOD2 mutant deficient in palmitoylation failed to reconstitute the ATGL transport after the ELMOD2 knockdown, indicating that distribution in LDs is indispensable to the functionality of ELMOD2. These results indicate that ELMOD2 regulates ATGL transport and cellular lipid metabolism by modulating the Arf1-COPI activity in LDs.  相似文献   
7.
The immune system is essential to maintain the mutualistic homeostatic interaction between the host and its micro- and mycobiota. Living as a commensal, Saccharomyces cerevisiae could potentially shape the immune response in a significant way. We observed that S. cerevisiae cells induce trained immunity in monocytes in a strain-dependent manner through enhanced TNFα and IL-6 production upon secondary stimulation with TLR ligands, as well as bacterial and fungal commensals. Differential chitin content accounts for the differences in training properties observed among strains, driving induction of trained immunity by increasing cytokine production and direct antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo. These chitin-induced protective properties are intimately associated with its internalization, identifying a critical role of phagosome acidification to facilitate microbial digestion. This study reveals how commensal and passenger microorganisms could be important in promoting health and preventing mucosal diseases by modulating host defense toward pathogens and thus influencing the host microbiota-immune system interactions.  相似文献   
8.
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) Tgf2 transposon is a vertebrate DNA transposon that belongs to the hAT transposon family. In this study, we constructed plasmids containing either the full-length Tgf2 transposon (pTgf2 plasmid) or a partially-deleted Tgf2 transposon (ΔpTgf2 plasmid), and microinjected these plasmids into fertilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs at the one- to two-cell stage. DNA extracted from the embryos was analyzed by PCR to assess transient excision, if any, of the exogenous plasmid and to verify whether Tgf2 is an autonomous transposon. The results showed that excision-specific bands were not detected in embryos injected with the ΔpTgf2 plasmid, while bands of 300–500 bp were detected in embryos injected with pTgf2, which indicated that the full-length Tgf2-containing plasmid could undergo autonomous excision in zebrafish embryos. DNA cloned from 24 embryos injected with pTgf2 was sequenced, and the results suggested that Tgf2 underwent self-excision in zebrafish embryos. Cloning and PCR analysis of DNA extracted from embryos co-injected with ΔpTgf2 and in vitro-transcribed transposase mRNA indicated that partially-deleted-Tgf2-containing ΔpTgf2 plasmid also underwent excision, in the presence of functional transposase mRNA. DNA cloned from 25 embryos co-injected with ΔpTgf2 and transposase mRNA was sequenced, and the results suggested that partially-deleted Tgf2 transposons plasmids were excised. These results demonstrated that excisions of Tgf2 transposons were mediated by the Tgf2 transposase, which in turn confirmed that Tgf2 is an autonomous transposon.  相似文献   
9.
类受体蛋白激酶(receptor-like protein kinase,RLK)是植物信号转导网络中的重要成员,参与介导生长、发育以及逆境胁迫应答等多种细胞代谢过程.在植物细胞中已发现和克隆了富含亮氨酸重复区型(LRR)、凝集素型(lectin-like)和细胞壁相联型(WAK)等不同的RLK亚家族.这些RLK能够感受多种发育和外界环境胁迫信号,并在植物对非生物胁迫的响应过程中发挥重要的调控作用.本文结合当今国内外研究进展,简述植物RLK的典型结构域特征,详细介绍多种RLK在植物逆境信号识别与转导中发挥的作用,同时对RLK在非生物胁迫应答中的具体作用机制进行了探讨.  相似文献   
10.
Immune response-related genes play a major role in colorectal carcinogenesis by mediating inflammation or immune-surveillance evasion. Although remarkable progress has been made to investigate the underlying mechanism, the understanding of the complicated carcinogenesis process was enormously hindered by large-scale tumor heterogeneity. Development and carcinogenesis share striking similarities in their cellular behavior and underlying molecular mechanisms. The association between embryonic development and carcinogenesis makes embryonic development a viable reference model for studying cancer thereby circumventing the potentially misleading complexity of tumor heterogeneity. Here we proposed that the immune genes, responsible for intra-immune cooperativity disorientation (defined in this study as disruption of developmental expression correlation patterns during carcinogenesis), probably contain untapped prognostic resource of colorectal cancer. In this study, we determined the mRNA expression profile of 137 human biopsy samples, including samples from different stages of human colonic development, colorectal precancerous progression and colorectal cancer samples, among which 60 were also used to generate miRNA expression profile. We originally established Spearman correlation transition model to quantify the cooperativity disorientation associated with the transition from normal to precancerous to cancer tissue, in conjunction with miRNA-mRNA regulatory network and machine learning algorithm to identify genes with prognostic value. Finally, a 12-gene signature was extracted, whose prognostic value was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis in five independent datasets. Using the log-rank test, the 12-gene signature was closely related to overall survival in four datasets (GSE17536, n = 177, p = 0.0054; GSE17537, n = 55, p = 0.0039; GSE39582, n = 562, p = 0.13; GSE39084, n = 70, p = 0.11), and significantly associated with disease-free survival in four datasets (GSE17536, n = 177, p = 0.0018; GSE17537, n = 55, p = 0.016; GSE39582, n = 557, p = 4.4e-05; GSE14333, n = 226, p = 0.032). Cox regression analysis confirmed that the 12-gene signature was an independent factor in predicting colorectal cancer patient’s overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.759; 95% confidence interval: 1.126–2.746; p = 0.013], as well as disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 2.116; 95% confidence interval: 1.324–3.380; p = 0.002).  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号