Structures similar to lipid emulsions and liposomes. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine,cholesterol, Tween 20–Span 20 or Tween 80–Span 80 in aqueous media

In the present work, we show that we obtained nanometric structures made of water, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol), and a mixture of ethoxylated and non-ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tween 20, Span 20, Tween 80, and Span 80) by mixing all of them near the cloud point temperature (cp) of the ethoxylated surfactant. The influence that the constituents had on the size of the particle was determined by a pseudo-ternary phase diagram of water/Tween–Span/DPPC–Chol; the colloidal particles obtained were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These studies were made for all the systems with at least 23 d of colloidal stability. The most stable system was obtained with the Tween 80–Span 80 pair, behaving as a typical suspension for 48 d; this system was made of water, Tween 80–Span 80 (80:20), DPPC–Chol (95:5) in a corresponding molar ratio of 48:37:100:10. The colloidal particles obtained were a kind of emulsion and liposome structures. The second stable system was obtained with the same mixture, but in a molar ratio of 8:6:9:0, its structure was also a kind of emulsion particles. In both systems and in other less stable ones, the “emulsion particle” was completely new, it structurally corresponds to a nucleus of mixed micelles surrounded by at least one bilayer of DPPC.     

Statins and Antimicrobial Effects: Simvastatin as a Potential Drug against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

Statins are important lipid-lowering agents with other pleiotropic effects. Several studies have explored a possible protective effect of statins to reduce the morbidity and mortality of many infectious diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens implicated in nosocomial infections; its ability to form biofilms makes treatment difficult. The present study observed the MIC of atorvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin against S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Simvastatin was the only agent with activity against clinical isolates and reference strains of methicilin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Thus, the effects of simvastatin on the growth, viability and biofilm formation of S. aureus were tested. In addition, a possible synergistic effect between simvastatin and vancomycin was evaluated. Simvastatin’s MIC was 15.65 µg/mL for S. aureus 29213 and 31.25 µg/mL for the other strains of S. aureus. The effect of simvastatin was bactericidal at 4xMIC and bacteriostatic at the MIC concentration. No synergistic effect was found between simvastatin and vancomycin. However, the results obtained against S. aureus biofilms showed that, in addition to inhibiting adhesion and biofilm formation at concentrations from 1/16xMIC to 4xMIC, simvastatin was also able to act against mature biofilms, reducing cell viability and extra-polysaccharide production. In conclusion, simvastatin showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against S. aureus biofilms, reducing their formation and viability.     

Salinity tolerance of three ostracode species (Crustacea:Ostracoda) of Iberian saline lakes

Laboratory experiments and field data were used to determine salinity tolerance limits of three ostracode species (Prionocypris aragonica, Eucypris mareotica and Heterocypris barbara) from Iberian saline lakes. Salinity tolerance appeared related to ionic composition and temperature. Implications for ostracode ecology and geographical distribution are evaluated.     

Polymorphisms at 13 expressed human sequences containing CAG/CTG repeats and analysis in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) patients

Genetic anticipation – increasing severity and a decrease in the age of onset with successive generations of a pedigree – is clearly present in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA). Anticipation is correlated with expansion of the CAG/CTG repeat sequence to sizes above those in the normal range through the generations of a pedigree. Genetic heterogeneity has been demonstrated for ADCA, with four cloned genes (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/MJD, and SCA6) and three mapped loci (SCA4, SCA5 and SCA7). Another related dominant ataxia, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), presents anticipation with CAG/CTG repeat expansions. We had previously analysed ADCA patients who had not shown repeat expansions in cloned genes for CAG/CTG repeat expansions by the repeat expansion detection method (RED) and had detected expansions of between 48 and 88 units in 17 unrelated familial cases. We present here an analysis of 13 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) containing 10 or more CAG/ CTG repeat sequences selected from public databases in the 17 unrelated ADCA patients. Of the 13 selected genes and ESTs, 9 were found to be polymorphic with heterozygosities ranging between 0.09 and 0.80 and 2 to 17 alleles. In ADCA patients none of the loci showed expansions above the normal range of the CAG/CTG repeat sequences, excluding them as the mutation causing ADCA. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted: 30 June 1997     

Developmental Responses to Temperature and Photoperiod in Ecotypes of Medicago polymorpha L. Collected Along an Environmental Gradient in Central Chile

The phenological development of nine Chilean accessions of Medicagopolymorpha, collected along a north–south aridity gradient,and of two commercial cultivars of the same species, were comparedin 12 sequential outdoor sowings at Cauquenes (35°58'S,72°17'W, elev. 177 m), in the sub-humid Mediterranean climatezone of Chile. A glasshouse experiment was also conducted toevaluate the effect of photoperiod on phenophase timing. Therewas a clear gradient in precocity among the Chilean accessionsin both experiments: accessions MPO-9-88 and MPO-7-88, fromthe arid zone, were the earliest-flowering accessions, whereasMPO-36-88 from the humid Mediterranean zone was the latest.Both experiments revealed significant variation among the Chileanaccessions in the response of flowering time to variation inphotoperiod regime. Differences in days to flowering betweenthe least- (8 h) and the most- (16 h) inductive photoperiodswere lower in precocious accessions from arid and semi-aridzones, than in late-flowering accessions from more humid zones.Rate of progress to flowering, defined as the inverse of timefrom emergence to first flower appearance (1/ f), was relatedto mean diurnal temperature, or to both mean diurnal temperatureand mean photoperiod. In two early-flowering accessions fromthe arid zone, and in the Australian cultivar ‘CircleValley’, 1/ f was affected significantly (P < 0.05)by both temperature and photoperiod. In the remaining accessions,no significant responses to temperatures were detected; 1/ fwas influenced significantly by photoperiod only. Copyright2000 Annals of Botany Company Annual medic, aridity gradient, Medicago polymorpha, flowering time, rate of development     

Measuring the heart rate of the spider, Aphonopelma hentzi: a non-invasive technique

In this work we describe a non‐invasive and precise technique to record the heartbeats of a spider. A linear output Hall effect transducer in conjunction with a small magnet was used to monitor the micromovements on the dorsal surface of the abdomen of the tarantula Aphonopelma hentzi (Girard) (Theraphosidae). The exoskeleton in this region is in direct contact with suspensory ligaments connected to the heart, and the dorsal cuticle of the opisthosoma moves with each heartbeat. The technique allowed the discrimination of the different stages of the spider's cardiac cycle. The method can be also adapted for a smaller spider or other arthropods. We believe that the method proposed in this paper allows investigators to gain insights into a spider's natural heart rate by gathering unbiased data with a non‐invasive and very precise technique. We have found the resting heart rate of A. hentzi to be 5.6 ± 1.47 beats/min, which is lower than previously reported values.     

Increased incidence of disomic sperm nuclei in a 47,XYY male assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

Using triple-colour fluorescent in situ hybridization in decondensed sperm heads, we assessed the sex-chromosome distribution in spermatozoa from a 47,XYY male compared with controls. The incidence of spermatozoa with 24,XY (0.30%) and 24,YY (1.01%) disomy was significantly higher than in our control series. Diploid meiocytes present in the ejaculate were mainly 47,XYY (60.6–86.7%), and haploid meiocytes were mainly 24,XY (78.1%).These results suggest that, although the extra Y chromosome is thought to be eliminated during spermatogenesis, XYY germ cells can complete meiosis and produce disomic spermatozoa. Received: 5 August 1996 / Revised: 2 October 1996