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排序方式: 共有219条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Evolution of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene in anurans: regions of variability and their phylogenetic implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fifteen restriction sites were mapped to the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of
individuals representing 54 species of frogs, two species of salamanders, a
caecilian, and a lungfish. Eight of these sites were present in all species
examined, and two were found in all but one species. Alignment of these
conserved restriction sites revealed, among anuran 28S rRNA genes, five
regions of major length variation that correspond to four of 12 previously
identified divergent domains of this gene. One of the divergent domains
(DD8) consists of two regions of length variation separated by a short
segment that is conserved at least throughout tetrapods. Most of the
insertions, deletions, and restriction-site variations identified in the
28S gene will require sequence-level analysis for a detailed reconstruction
of their history. However, an insertion in DD9 that is coextensive with
frogs in the suborder Neobatrachia, a BstEII site that is limited to
representatives of two leptodactylid subfamilies, and a deletion in DD10
that is found only in three ranoid genera are probably synapomorphies.
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2.
Autonomous DNA binding domains of lambda integrase recognize two different sequence families 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
The 40 kd lambda Integrase protein is shown to contain two autonomous DNA binding domains with different sequence specificities. Competition experiments in which the binding activity of Int is assayed through nuclease protection demonstrate the functional independence of the two DNA recognition specificities. Proteolytic cleavage of Int and footprinting analysis of the resulting two major peptides allow the physical separation and identification of two DNA binding domains: an amino-terminal peptide that interacts with "arm-type" sites and a carboxy-terminal peptide that binds to "core-type" sequences. In addition, the data suggest that the two domains can bind DNA simultaneously, consistent with a model in which Integrase would link two disparate DNA sequences. 相似文献
3.
Characterization of cross-bridge elasticity and kinetics of cross-bridge cycling during force development in single smooth muscle cells 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Force development in smooth muscle, as in skeletal muscle, is believed to reflect recruitment of force-generating myosin cross-bridges. However, little is known about the events underlying cross-bridge recruitment as the muscle cell approaches peak isometric force and then enters a period of tension maintenance. In the present studies on single smooth muscle cells isolated from the toad (Bufo marinus) stomach muscularis, active muscle stiffness, calculated from the force response to small sinusoidal length changes (0.5% cell length, 250 Hz), was utilized to estimate the relative number of attached cross-bridges. By comparing stiffness during initial force development to stiffness during force redevelopment immediately after a quick release imposed at peak force, we propose that the instantaneous active stiffness of the cell reflects both a linearly elastic cross-bridge element having 1.5 times the compliance of the cross-bridge in frog skeletal muscle and a series elastic component having an exponential length-force relationship. At the onset of force development, the ratio of stiffness to force was 2.5 times greater than at peak isometric force. These data suggest that, upon activation, cross-bridges attach in at least two states (i.e., low-force-producing and high-force-producing) and redistribute to a steady state distribution at peak isometric force. The possibility that the cross-bridge cycling rate was modulated with time was also investigated by analyzing the time course of tension recovery to small, rapid step length changes (0.5% cell length in 2.5 ms) imposed during initial force development, at peak force, and after 15 s of tension maintenance. The rate of tension recovery slowed continuously throughout force development following activation and slowed further as force was maintained. Our results suggest that the kinetics of force production in smooth muscle may involve a redistribution of cross-bridge populations between two attached states and that the average cycling rate of these cross-bridges becomes slower with time during contraction. 相似文献
4.
Anovulatory domestic hens (pregnant mare serum-treated) and normally cyclic domestic hens were artificially inseminated with 0.034 ml of pooled semen. A subsequent microscopic assessment of the uterovaginal sperm storage glands on days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 post-insemination indicated that the sperm glands emptied over time in the normally cyclic hens, but not in the anovulatory hens. The data suggest that events associated with ovulation and/or oviposition are important to the sperm gland emptying process. 相似文献
5.
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7.
Excess amino acid polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA: contrasts among genes from Drosophila, mice, and humans 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
Recent studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in mammals and
Drosophila have shown an excess of amino acid variation within species
(replacement polymorphism) relative to the number of silent and replacement
differences fixed between species. To examine further this pattern of
nonneutral mtDNA evolution, we present sequence data for the ND3 and ND5
genes from 59 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and 29 lines of D. simulans.
Of interest are the frequency spectra of silent and replacement
polymorphisms, and potential variation among genes and taxa in the
departures from neutral expectations. The Drosophila ND3 and ND5 data show
no significant excess of replacement polymorphism using the
McDonald-Kreitman test. These data are in contrast to significant
departures from neutrality for the ND3 gene in mammals and other genes in
Drosophila mtDNA (cytochrome b and ATPase 6). Pooled across genes, however,
both Drosophila and human mtDNA show very significant excesses of amino
acid polymorphism. Silent polymorphisms at ND5 show a significantly higher
variance in frequency than replacement polymorphisms, and the latter show a
significant skew toward low frequencies (Tajima's D = -1.954). These
patterns are interpreted in light of the nearly neutral theory where mildly
deleterious amino acid haplotypes are observed as ephemeral variants within
species but do not contribute to divergence. The patterns of polymorphism
and divergence at charge-altering amino acid sites are presented for the
Drosophila ND5 gene to examine the evolution of functionally distinct
mutations. Excess charge-altering polymorphism is observed at the carboxyl
terminal and excess charge-altering divergence is detected at the amino
terminal. While the mildly deleterious model fits as a net effect in the
evolution of nonrecombining mitochondrial genomes, these data suggest that
opposing evolutionary pressures may act on different regions of
mitochondrial genes and genomes.
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8.
Identification of discrete functional domains of HIV-1 integrase and their organization within an active multimeric complex. 总被引:46,自引:4,他引:42 下载免费PDF全文
HIV-1 integrase protein possesses the 3' processing and DNA strand transfer activities that are required to integrate HIV DNA into a host chromosome. The N-, C-terminal and core domains of integrase are necessary for both activities in vitro. We find that certain pairs of mutant integrase proteins, which are inactive when each protein is assayed alone, can support near wild type levels of activity when both proteins are present together in the reaction mixture. This complementation implies that HIV-1 integrase functions as a multimer and has enabled us to probe the organization of the functional domains within active mixed multimers. We have identified a minimal set of functional integrase domains that are sufficient for 3' processing and DNA strand transfer and find that some domains are contributed in trans by separate monomers within the functional complex. 相似文献
9.
DM Woolley 《The Journal of cell biology》1977,75(3):851-865
Motile spermatozoa from the golden hamster have been arrested by rapid freezing and then fixed with glutaraldehyde at low temperature after substitution with ethylene glycol. As far as can be judged, the flagellar waveforms thus stabilized are similar to those seen in living sperm; in contrast, fixation in glutaraldehyde, without prior freezing, induces agonal changes in flagellar conformation. The characteristics waveform after freeze substitution contains three bends. Approx. half of these flagella are entirely planar. The rest are three dimensional, with the third bend displaced in a regular way from the plane containing the proximal two bends. From the geometry of these flagella, it is concluded that the plane of action of a given bending cycle undergoes a clockwise twist (from a forward viewpoint) as the cycle is succeeded by new bending cycles. This "twisted plane" undulation is quite different from helical movement. The twisting seems to occur abruptly, between cycles, as if each bending cycle has a preferred plane of action. The mechanism underlying the twisting is uncertain. However, on the basis of the angular displacements between the preferred planes, and the findings from electron microscopy, the following idea is presented as a working hypothesis: that, if the most proximal plane of bending is topographically determined by peripheral doublet 1, then successive distal planes of action are influenced predominantly by doublets 2, 3, etc., in clockwise sequence. The merits and weaknesses of this hypothesis are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Genome assembly provides insights into the genome evolution and flowering regulation of orchardgrass