Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in proteins

Prediction of antigenic regions in a protein will be helpful for a rational approach to the synthesis of peptides which may elicit antibodies reactive with the intact protein. Earlier methods are based on the assumption that antigenic regions are primarily hydrophilic regions at the surface of the protein molecule. The method presented here is based on the amino acid composition of known antigenic regions in 20 proteins which is compared with that of 314 proteins [(1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, suppl. 3, 363-373]. Antigenicity values were derived from the differences between the two data sets. The method was applied to bovine ribonuclease, the B-subunit of cholera toxin and herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D. There was a good correlation between the predicted regions and previously determined antigenic regions.     

Immuno-electron-microscopic localization of types III pN-collagen and IV collagen,laminin and tenascin in developing and adult human spleen

The distribution of the extracellular matrix proteins types III pN-collagen and IV collagen, laminin and tenascin was investigated in fetal, infant, and adult human spleens by using immuno-electron microscopy. The presence of type III pN-collagen was assessed by using an antibody against the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. All the proteins other than type III pN-collagen were found in reticular fibers throughout development. In the white pulp of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks, only an occasional type III pN-collagen-containing fibril was present, although type III pN-collagen was abundant in the reticular fibers of the red pulp. Conversely, in adults, most of the reticular fibers of the white pulp, but not of the red pulp, were immunoreactive for type III pN-collagen. Ring fibers, the basement membranes of venous sinuses, were well developed in both infant and adult spleens. The first signs of their formation could be seen as a discontinuous basement membrane, which was immunoreactive for type IV collagen, laminin, and tenascin in the fetus aged 20 gestational weeks. Intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for all the proteins studied was visible in the mesenchymal cells of the fetus aged 16 gestational weeks and in the reticular cells of the older fetuses, which also showed labeling for type IV collagen and laminin in the endothelial cells. The results suggest that proteins of the extracellular matrix are produced by these stationary cells.     

Comparison of methods for the determination of β-aspartylglycine in fecal supernatants of leukemic patients treated with antimicrobial agents

β-Aspartylglycine is an indicator of the absence of bacterial enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract. This study describes and compares four methods — (1) dansylation with thin-layer chromatography, (2) ion-exchange chromatography, (3) thin-layer electrophoresis, (4) high-voltage paper electrophoresis — to determine the concentration of β-aspartylglycine in fecal supernatants of leukemic patients treated with antimicrobial agents.     

Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass?

Two simplifying hypotheses have been proposed for whole‐plant respiration. One links respiration to photosynthesis; the other to biomass. Using a first‐principles carbon balance model with a prescribed live woody biomass turnover, applied at a forest research site where multidecadal measurements are available for comparison, we show that if turnover is fast the accumulation of respiring biomass is low and respiration depends primarily on photosynthesis; while if turnover is slow the accumulation of respiring biomass is high and respiration depends primarily on biomass. But the first scenario is inconsistent with evidence for substantial carry‐over of fixed carbon between years, while the second implies far too great an increase in respiration during stand development—leading to depleted carbohydrate reserves and an unrealistically high mortality risk. These two mutually incompatible hypotheses are thus both incorrect. Respiration is not linearly related either to photosynthesis or to biomass, but it is more strongly controlled by recent photosynthates (and reserve availability) than by total biomass.     

Sensation seeking and men''s face preferences

Findings from previous studies suggest that only men who are in good physical condition can afford to pursue high-risk activities and that men who engage in high-risk activities are considered particularly attractive by women. Here, we show that men's interest in high-sensation activities, a personality trait that is known to increase the likelihood of those individuals engaging in high-risk behaviors, is positively related to the strength of their preferences for femininity in women's faces (Studies 1–3) but is not related to the strength of their preferences for femininity in men's faces (Study 2). We discuss these findings as evidence for potentially adaptive condition-dependent mate preferences, whereby men who exhibit signals of high quality demonstrate particularly strong preferences for facial cues of reproductive and medical health in potential mates because they are more likely than lower-quality men to succeed in acquiring such partners.     

Zur Feinstruktur der Plasmodesmen und Plasmakanäle bei Pollenmutterzellen

Zusammenfassung Bei Tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum) und Kürbis (Cucurbita maxima) wurde der Feinbau der zwischen den Pollenmutterzellen bestehenden Plasmaverbindungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht.Neben feinen, den Verhältnissen in meristematischen somatischen Zellen entsprechenden Plasmaverbindungen (Plasmodesmen im engeren Sinne, Durchmesser im geometrischen Mittel 253,3 Å) wurden relativ breite, fast durchweg gröbere Cytoplasmaeinschlüsse (Mitochondrien, Vesikel, Potocytose-Bläschen, Dictyosomen usw.) aufweisende Verbin-dungen (Plasmakanäle, Durchmesser im geometrischen Mittel 0,175 ) festgestellt. Elemente des Endoplasmatischen Reticulums finden sich regelmäßig in den Plasmakanälen. Sie lassen sich jedoch häufig auch in größeren Plasmodesmen nachweisen.Weder über den Zeitpunkt der Entstehung, noch über die Entstehungsweise der Plasmakanäle lassen sich bei unserem Pflanzenmaterial konkrete Angaben machen. Gleiches gilt hinsichtlich des Zeitpunktes und der Art, wie die Plasmakanäle schließlich schwinden.Unbekannt ist auch die Art und Weise, wie die Plasmodesmen in Verbindung mit der Bildung der die Pollenmutterzellen bzw. auch die einzelnen Tetradenzellen umhüllenden dicken Callosemembranen schwinden.Bei der Tomate sind die Plasmakanäle bereits vor Aufgabe der Plasmodesmen vorhanden. Andererseits lassen sie sich in späteren Phasen der Tetradenentwicklung nicht mehr nachweisen.Die Beobachtungen werden in Verbindung mit bereits vorliegenden Angaben in der Literatur, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Plasmakanäle und ihre Ähnlichkeit mit Siebporen, diskutiert.

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On the fine structure of plasmodesmata and plasma-channels in pollen mother cells (PMC)

Summary The fine structure of plasmatic connections between PMC has been examined by electron microscopy in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) and squash (Cucurbita maxima).In addition to plasmodesmata, of geometrical mean diameter 253.3 Å, which correspond to the plasmodesmata in meristematic somatic cells, there are also to be distinguished plasma-channels of geometrical mean diameter 0.175 , which frequently contain cytoplasmic inclusions, such as mitochondria, vesicles, potocytosevesicles, dictyosomata etc. Generally we found elements of the endoplasmic reticulum in the plasma-channels. These elements are also to be found in larger plasmodesmata.We do not know the time nor the manner in which the plasma-channels of our plants originate and disappear. Also it is unknown how the plasmodesmata disappear when the thick callose-membrane is formed around the PMCs and the tetrad-cells.In the tomato the plasma-channels are present before the plasmodesmata disappear. On the other hand they are absent in later stages of tetrad development.The observations are discussed with regard to the possible function of the plasma-channels and their similarity to sievepores.

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Mit 17 Textabbildungen     

Extensive Set of 16S rRNA-Based Probes for Detection of Bacteria in Human Feces

For the detection of six groups of anaerobic bacteria in human feces, we designed seven new 16S rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes. This set of probes extends the current set of probes and gives more data on the composition of the human gut flora. Probes were designed for Phascolarctobacterium and relatives (Phasco741), Veillonella (Veil223), Eubacterium hallii and relatives (Ehal1469), Lachnospira and relatives (Lach571), and Eubacterium cylindroides and relatives (Ecyl387), and two probes were designed for Ruminococcus and relatives (Rbro730 and Rfla729). The hybridization conditions for the new probes were optimized for fluorescent in situ hybridization, and the probes were validated against a set of reference organisms. The probes were applied to fecal samples of 11 volunteers to enumerate their target bacterial groups. The Phasco741 and Veil223 probes both detected average numbers below 1% of the total number of bacteria as determined with the bacterial kingdom-specific Bact338 probe. The Ecyl387 probe detected about 1.4%, the Lach571 and Ehal1469 probes detected 3.8 and 3.6%, respectively, and a combination of the Rbro730 and Rfla729 probes detected 10.3%. A set of 15 probes consisting of probes previously described and those presented here were evaluated in hybridization with the fecal samples of the same volunteers. Together, the group-specific probes detected 90% of the total bacterial cells.     

Raised salivary testosterone in women is associated with increased attraction to masculine faces

Women's preferences for masculinity in men's faces, voices and behavioral displays change during the menstrual cycle and are strongest around ovulation. While previous findings suggest that change in progesterone level is an important hormonal mechanism for such variation, it is likely that changes in the levels of other hormones will also contribute to cyclic variation in masculinity preferences. Here we compared women's preferences for masculine faces at two points in the menstrual cycle where women differed in salivary testosterone, but not in salivary progesterone or estrogen. Preferences for masculinity were strongest when women's testosterone levels were relatively high. Our findings complement those from previous studies that show systematic variation in masculinity preferences during the menstrual cycle and suggest that change in testosterone level may play an important role in cyclic shifts in women's preferences for masculine traits.