Penetration of radioactive sodium and chloride into cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor

1. Experiments were performed on six dogs to determine the rate of penetration of Cl(33) and Na(24) across the blood-aqueous humor and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers after intravenous injection of the radioactive ions. The radioactivity measurements were made with an immersion type of Geiger-Müller counter. 2. The concentrations of the labelled ions in the anterior chamber and the cisterna magna increase slowly to approach that of plasma. The rate of penetration k is calculated from a simple exponential equation with the half-value interval t(0.5) or the time required for the labelled-ion concentration in the fluid to reach 50 per cent of that of plasma. The average t(0.5) for Cl(38) and Na(24) in aqueous humor are 34.3 +/- 9 and 27.3 +/- 9 minutes, respectively, while those for cerebrospinal fluid are 90 +/- 6 and 95 +/- 6 minutes, respectively. 3. A study of the radioactivity in plasma was made to determine the per cent remaining after a steady state was reached. By means of this determination the sodium and chloride space was calculated to be 33 +/- 5 per cent.     

Calcium ion as cellular messenger

<正>The prominent role Ca2+ion plays as a major small biological messenger is fascinating.There are many physiologically important ions,such as Na+,K+,H+,Cl?,Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe3+,and PO43?that participate in cell signaling.Among them,monovalent ions primarily contribute to rapid electrical signaling,while multivalent ions generally act as a co-factor for chemical reactions by associating with the host molecule through electrostatic or covalent interactions.Ca2+plays both roles.Its transmembrane influx supports the plateau phase of cardiac action potential and helps set the speed of pacemaker potential.Inside the cell,Ca2+switches     

A NEW LOPHIALETID PERISSODACTYL(MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY EOCENE OF WUTU BASIN,SHANDONG PROVINCE

Periss0dactyla0wen,laseTaPiroideaGill,lgy2?tophiaiedaeMathedthenger,1925(Radhay,l%5)Ampeqhu!~gco'etsp'nov'TypeAfragInentaryrightmaxillawithcomPleteP2-MlandanteriorpartofM2twvlo7o2)'~andhothenCountyMine,2kmeastofWutUVillageofChangleCounty,Shandong;Eariyhee,WutUFonnahon'Inagn0dsApdrihveandmedium-edtapiroid'UPpercheekdrilow-crownedandmoderatey1ophodont,withdishnCtcuSPs;MlAnconeequalt0paraconeinfor;parastylerelativefysmall,anddosetoparacone;labialandlingUalcusPsinclinedt0ndd-dleakisof…     

Sex differences in morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and social behaviors in ICR mice

Gender and genetic strain are two prominent variants that influence drug abuse. Although certain sexrelated behavioral responses have been previously characterized in ICR mice, little is known about the effects of sex on morphine-induced behavioral responses in this outbred strain. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the sex differences of morphine-induced locomotion, anxiety-like and social behaviors in ICR mice. After morphine or saline exposure for four consecutive days(twice daily), increased locomotion, more time spent in the central area, as well as attenuated rearing and self-grooming behaviors were found in morphine-treated females in an open field; no differences were found in locomotion and the time spent in the central area between male and female controls. When interacting with the samesex individuals, female controls were engaged in more social investigation, following, body contacting and self-grooming behaviors than controls; morphine exposure reduced contacting and self-grooming behaviors in females; in contrast, these effects were not found in males. These results indicate that female ICR mice are more prosocial and are more susceptible to morphine exposure than males.     

调控胚胎干细胞生长的转录因子

胚胎干细胞的生长是由一个极其复杂的网络系统调控的,本文简要叙述了Oct-4、Nanog、Sox2三个转录因子对胚胎干细胞生长的调控作用,为将来更好的开发利用胚胎干细胞资源奠定理论基础.     

人耐药白血病细胞多药耐药基因-1小干扰RNA的构建及功能研究

目的:构建人耐药白血病细胞多药耐药基因-1小干扰RNA并研究其功能.方法:人工合成编码mdrl小发夹状双链RNA的DNA片段,与pSilencer4.1-CMV质粒连接构建RNAi真核表达栽体,采用脂质体介导法转染人耐药白血病细胞K562/A,经潮霉素B筛选转基因阳性克隆细胞,RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测转基因细胞中mdrl基因的表达量,MTT法检测转基因细胞对阿霉素的敏感性.结果:RT-PCR结果显示,与未转基因组和阴性对照组比较,RNA干扰组mdrl基因在mRNA水平上表达量降低43.55%;Western Blotting检测显示,RNA干扰组mdrl基因在蛋白水平上表达量降低69.46%;MTT法检测显示mdrl干扰细胞对化疗药物柔红霉素的敏感性提高23倍.结论:mdrl小发夹状RNA可显著抑制K562/A细胞中的mdrl基因的表达,提高白血病细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,对白血病多药耐药性的逆转和白血病的治疗具有重要理论和实际意义.     

Towards Transgenic Primates: What can we learn from mouse genetics?

Considering the great physiological and behavioral similarities with humans, monkeys represent the ideal models not only for the study of complex cognitive behavior but also for the preclinical research and development of novel therapeutics for treating human diseases. Various powerful genetic technologies initially developed for making mouse models are being explored for generating transgenic primate models. We review the latest genetic engineering technologies and discuss the potentials and limitations for systematic production of transgenic primates. Supported by Funding from GRA, NIMH and NIA.     

Host plant mediation of diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringiBaly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin （Brassica chinesis var communis） than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin （Brassica chinesis var communis）, radish （Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus） and stem mustard （Brassicajuncea vat tumida） at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures ≤20℃ or photoperiods of 16：8 （L： D） h combined with 25℃, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods.