Biochemical analysis of mouse FKBP60, a novel member of the FKPB family.

We have identified mouse and human FKBP60, a new member of the FKBP gene family. FKBP60 shares strongest homology with FKBP65 and SMAP. FKBP60 contains a hydrophobic signal peptide at the N-terminus, 4 peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) domains and an endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (HDEL) at the C-terminus. Immunodetection of HA-tagged FKBP60 in NIH-3T3 cells suggests that FKBP60 is segregated to the endoplasmic reticulum. Northern blot analysis shows that FKBP60 is predominantly expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, lung, liver and kidney. With N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide as a substrate, recombinant GST-FKBP60 is shown to accelerate effectively the isomerization of the peptidyl-prolyl bond. This isomerization activity is inhibited by FK506. mFKBP60 binds Ca2+ in vitro, presumably by its C-terminal EF-hand Ca2+ binding motif, and is phosphorylated in vivo. hFKBP60 has been mapped to 7p12 and/or 7p14 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).     

Crystal structure of a novel mid-gut procarboxypeptidase from the cotton pest Helicoverpa armigera.

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious insect pests in Australia, India and China. The larva causes substantial economical losses to legume, fibre, cereal oilseed and vegetable crops. This pest has proven to be difficult to control by conventional means, mainly due to the development of pesticide resistance. We present here the 2.5 A crystal structure from the novel procarboxypeptidase (PCPAHa) found in the gut extracts from H. armigera larvae, the first one reported for an insect. This metalloprotease is synthesized as a zymogen of 46.6 kDa which, upon in vitro activation with Lys-C endoproteinase, yields a pro-segment of 91 residues and an active carboxypeptidase moiety of 318 residues. Both regions show a three-dimensional structure quite similar to the corresponding structures in mammalian digestive carboxypeptidases, the most relevant structural differences being located in the loops between conserved secondary structure elements, including the primary activation site. This activation site contains the motif (Ala)(5)Lys at the C terminus of the helix connecting the pro- and the carboxypeptidase domains. A remarkable feature of PCPAHa is the occurrence of the same (Ala)(6)Lys near the C terminus of the active enzyme. The presence of Ser255 in PCPAHa instead of Ile and Asp found in the pancreatic A and B forms, respectively, enlarges the S1' specificity pocket and influences the substrate preferences of the enzyme. The C-terminal tail of the leech carboxypeptidase inhibitor has been modelled into the PCPAHa active site to explore the substrate preferences and the enzymatic mechanism of this enzyme.     

Effect of alkyl side chain variation on the electron-transfer activity of ubiquinone derivatives

The effect of the alkyl side chain of the ubiquinone molecule on the electron-transfer activity of ubiquinone in mitochondrial succinate-cytochrome c reductase is studied by using synthetic ubiquinone derivatives that possess the basic ubiquinone structure of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone with different alkyl side chains at the 6-position. The alkyl side chains vary in chain length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. When a ubiquinone derivative is used as an electron acceptor for succinate-ubiquinone reductase, an alkyl side chain of six carbons is needed to obtain the maximum activity. However, when it serves as an electron donor for ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase or as a mediator in succinate-cytochrome c reductase, an alkyl side chain of 10 carbons gives maximal efficiency. Introduction of one or two isolated double bonds into the alkyl side chain of the ubiquinone molecule has little effect on electron-transfer activity. However, a conjugated double bond system in the alkyl side chain drastically reduces electron-transfer efficiency. The effect of the conjugated double bond system on the electron-transferring efficiency of ubiquinone depends on its location in the alkyl side chain. When location is far from the benzoquinone ring, the effect is minimal. These observations together with the results obtained from photoaffinity-labeling studies lead us to conclude that flexibility in the portion of the alkyl side chain immediately adjacent to the benzoquinone ring is required for the electron-transfer activity of ubiquinone.     

Gentamicin and amikacin repress the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in culture, probably by inhibiting a parasite acid phospholipase

Human erythrocytes were loaded with either gentamicin or amikacin and subsequently infected with the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and grown in culture. Parasite invasion of erythrocytes was unaffected by the drugs, but subsequent development was retarded. The digestion of host cell cytosol in ring-stage parasites was inhibited by the drugs. A substantial acid, Ca2+-independent phospholipase activity could be monitored in parasite cytosol and was found to be inhibited by the drugs. These results imply that phospholipases are involved in the feeding mechanism of the parasite and that gentamicin and amikacin exert their inhibitory activity by affecting these enzymes.     

DNA sequence plays a major role in determining nucleosome positions in yeast CUP1 chromatin.

The role of DNA sequence in determining nucleosome positions in vivo was investigated by comparing the positions adopted by nucleosomes reconstituted on a yeast plasmid in vitro using purified core histones with those in native chromatin containing the same DNA, described previously. Nucleosomes were reconstituted on a 2.5 kilobase pair DNA sequence containing the yeast TRP1ARS1 plasmid with CUP1 as an insert (TAC-DNA). Multiple, alternative, overlapping nucleosome positions were mapped on TAC-DNA. For the 58 positioned nucleosomes identified, the relative positioning strengths and the stabilities to salt and temperature were determined. These positions were, with a few exceptions, identical to those observed in native, remodeled TAC chromatin containing an activated CUP1 gene. Only some of these positions are utilized in native, unremodeled chromatin. These observations suggest that DNA sequence is likely to play a very important role in positioning nucleosomes in vivo. We suggest that events occurring in yeast CUP1 chromatin determine which positions are occupied in vivo and when they are occupied.     

Pendelluft flow in symmetric airway bifurcations.

We propose a mathematical model for pendelluft flow in a single airway bifurcation. The model is motivated by an apparatus used in an experimental study of the pendelluft by Ultman et al. (1988). We derive differential equations governing the fluid flow, which directly connect physiological parameters to the variables determining the pendelluft; this approach allows us to include nonlinearity in the model. If nonlinearity is neglected, our model is identical to the R-I-C circuits used by previous investigators. If nonlinearity is retained, we show that pendelluft can occur even in perfectly symmetric airway bifurcations. For the specific apparatus used in the experiments of High et al. (1991), we demonstrate that two qualitatively different pendelluft flows can occur in the system.     

Sequence analysis of a 101-kilobase plasmid required for agar degradation by a Microscilla isolate.

An agar-degrading marine bacterium identified as a Microscilla species was isolated from coastal California marine sediment. This organism harbored a single 101-kb circular DNA plasmid designated pSD15. The complete nucleotide sequence of pSD15 was obtained, and sequence analysis indicated a number of genes putatively encoding a variety of enzymes involved in polysaccharide utilization. The most striking feature was the occurrence of five putative agarase genes. Loss of the plasmid, which occurred at a surprisingly high frequency, was associated with loss of agarase activity, supporting the sequence analysis results.