N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine inhibits bleomycin induced apoptosis in malignant testicular germ cell tumors

Antioxidants may prevent apoptosis of cancer cells via inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, to date no study has been carried out to elucidate the effects of strong antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on Bleomycin induced apoptosis in human testicular cancer (NTERA‐2, NT2) cells. For this reason, we studied the effects of Bleomycin and NAC alone and in combination on apoptotic signaling pathways in NT2 cell line. We determined the cytotoxic effect of bleomycin on NT2 cells and measured apoptosis markers such as Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities and Bcl‐2, Bax, Cyt‐c, Annexin V‐FTIC and PI levels in NT2 cells incubated with different agents for 24 h. Early apoptosis was determined using FACS assay. We found half of the lethal dose (LD₅₀) of Bleomycin on NT2 cell viability as 400, 100, and 20 µg/ml after incubations for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Incubation with bleomycin (LD₅₀) and H₂O₂ for 24 h increased Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities, Cyt‐c and Bax levels and decreased Bcl‐2 levels. The concurrent incubation of NT2 cells with bleomycin/H₂O₂ and NAC (5 mM) for 24 h abolished bleomycin/H₂O₂‐dependent increases in Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities, Bax and Cyt‐c levels and bleomycin/H₂O₂‐dependent decrease in Bcl‐2 level. Our results indicate that bleomycin/H₂O₂ induce apoptosis in NT2 cells by activating mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, while NAC diminishes bleomycin/H₂O₂ induced apoptosis. We conclude that NAC has antagonistic effects on Bleomycin‐induced apoptosis in NT2 cells and causes resistance to apoptosis which is not a desired effect in eliminating cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1685–1694, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Secreted meningeal chemokines,but not VEGFA,modulate the migratory properties of medulloblastoma cells

Leptomeningeal metastasis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in medulloblastoma, but the understanding of molecular mechanisms driving this process is nascent. In this study, we examined the secretory chemokine profile of medulloblastoma cells (DAOY) and a meningothelial cell line (BMEN1). Conditioned media (CM) of meningothelial cells increased adhesion, spreading and migration of medulloblastoma. VEGFA was identified at elevated levels in the CM from BMEN1 cells (as compared to DAOY CM); however, recombinant VEGFA alone was insufficient to enhance medulloblastoma cell migration. In addition, bevacizumab, the VEGFA scavenging monoclonal antibody, did not block the migratory phenotype induced by the CM. These results reveal that paracrine factors secreted by meningothelial cells can influence migration and adherence of medulloblastoma tumor cells, but VEGFA may not be a specific target for therapeutic intervention in this context.     

Augmented cell-graphs for automated cancer diagnosis

This work reports a novel computational method based on augmented cell-graphs (ACG), which are constructed from low-magnification tissue images for the mathematical diagnosis of brain cancer (malignant glioma). An ACG is a simple, undirected, weighted and complete graph in which a node represents a cell cluster and an edge between a pair of nodes defines a binary relationship between them. Both the nodes and the edges of an ACG are assigned weights to capture more information about the topology of the tissue. In this work, the experiments are conducted on a dataset that is comprised of 646 human brain biopsy samples from 60 different patients. It is shown that the ACG approach yields sensitivity of 97.53% and specificities of 93.33 and 98.15% (for the inflamed and healthy, respectively) at the tissue level in glioma diagnosis.     

Combined point mutations in codon 12 and 13 of KRAS oncogene in prostate carcinomas

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy that develops by structural mutation(s) and/or other genetic alterations in specific genes.The G to T transversions in codon 12 and C to T transitions in codon 13 of KRAS proto-oncogene are predominant point mutations that occur in about 20% of different cancers in human. In the current study it was aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictive significance of KRAS mutations in patients with prostate carcinomas. In a total of 30 fresh tumoural tissue specimens were investigated in patients with prostate carcinoma. All tumoural specimens were histo-pathologically diagnosed and genotyped for codon 12, 13 KRAS point mutations by reverse hybridisation and direct sequencing methods. KRAS mutations were found in 12 (40%) samples with 29 samples deriving from adenocarcinomas and 1 sample was small cell prostate carcinoma. In 1 (3.44%) sample codon 12 was found to be mutated and in 2 (6.8%) samples codon 13 and in 9 (31%) samples combined codon 12 and 13 were found to be mutated particularly in higher grade of tumoural tissues. Our study, based on representative collection of human prostate tumours, indicates that combined mutations in codons 12 and 13 KRAS are relatively infrequent and most commonly occur in prostate carcinomas.     

The Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Level of Malondialdehyde in Cerebellum of Rats Subjected to Methotrexate: Protective Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester

Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist, is widely used as a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. MTX-associated neurotoxicity is an important clinical problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on cerebellar oxidative stress induced by MTX in rats. A total of 19 adult male rats were divided into three experimental groups as follows: MTX group (MTX treated), MTX+CAPE group (MTX+CAPE treated), and control group. MTX was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a single dose of 20 mg kg⁻¹ on the second day of experiment. CAPE was administered i.p. with a dose of 10 μmol kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 7 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined in cerebellar tissue of rats. MTX caused to significant increase in MDA levels (an important marker of lipid peroxidation) in the MTX group compared with the controls (p = 0.006). CAPE significantly reduced the MTX induced lipid peroxidation in the MTX+CAPE group compared to the MTX (p = 0.007). The activities of SOD and CAT were significantly increased in the MTX group when compared with the control group (p = 0.0001, p = 0.004, respectively). The increased activities of these enzymes were significantly reduced by CAPE treatment (p = 0.004, p = 0.034, respectively). As a result, CAPE may protect from oxidative damage caused by MTX treatment in rat cerebellum.     

Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy in Kayseri,Turkey: A hospital based survey

Sleep and Biological Rhythms - The prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is low in the general population in Turkey. To assess the prevalence of RLS in pregnancy, a hospital-based survey...     

Learning the topological properties of brain tumors

This work presents a graph-based representation (a.k.a., cell-graph) of histopathological images for automated cancer diagnosis by probabilistically assigning a link between a pair of cells (or cell clusters). Since the node set of a cell-graph can include a cluster of cells as well as individual ones, it enables working with low-cost, low-magnification photomicrographs. The contributions of this work are twofold. First, it is shown that without establishing a pairwise spatial relation between the cells (i.e., the edges of a cell-graph), neither the spatial distribution of the cells nor the texture analysis of the images yields accurate results for tissue level diagnosis of brain cancer called malignant glioma. Second, this work defines a set of global metrics by processing the entire cell-graph to capture tissue level information coded into the histopathological images. In this work, the results are obtained on the photomicrographs of 646 archival brain biopsy samples of 60 different patients. It is shown that the global metrics of cell-graphs distinguish cancerous tissues from noncancerous ones with high accuracy (at least 99 percent accuracy for healthy tissues with lower cellular density level, and at least 92 percent accuracy for benign tissues with similar high cellular density level such as nonneoplastic reactive/inflammatory conditions).     

Effect of Long-term Fluoride Exposure on Lipid Peroxidation and Histology of Testes in First- and Second-generation Rats

This experiment was designed to investigate the histological and lipid peroxidation effects of chronic fluorosis on testes tissues of first- and second-generation rats. Sixteen virgin female Wistar rats were mated with eight males (2:1) for approximately 12 h to obtain first-generation rats. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: controls and fluoride-given group, each of which containing five rats. Pregnant rats in the fluoride-given group were exposed to a total dose of 30 mg/l sodium fluoride (NaF) in commercial drinking water containing 0.07 mg/l of NaF throughout the gestation and lactation periods. After the lactation period, the young animals (first generation, F1) were exposed to the same dose of NaF in drinking water for 4 months. At the end of the 4 months of experimental period, nine randomly chosen male rats (F1) were killed and testes tissues were taken for histopathological and biochemical analysis. The remaining eight female rats were mated with four males (2:1) for approximately 12 h to obtain second-generation rats. Six female were identified as pregnant and treated with similarly throughout the gestation and the lactation periods. After the lactation period, the young male animals (second generation, F2) were also treated in the same way for 4 months. At the end of the 4 months of experimental period, nine randomly chosen male rats (F2) were killed and testes tissues were collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis. The rats in the control group were applied the same procedure without NaF administration. In biochemical analysis of the fluoride given F1 and F2 rats, it has been found that plasma fluoride levels and testes thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were significantly increased when compared with the control group. In F1 and F2 rats, similar histopathological changes were observed. In both groups, spermatogenesis was severely reduced. Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were normal, however, there was a widespread degeneration in other spermatogenic cell lines of the seminiferous epithelium. The histological structures of the Sertoli and interstitial Leydig cells were normally observed. It is concluded that chronic fluorosis exposure leads to a remarkable destruction in testes tissues of F1 and F2 rats via lipid peroxidation. The study was carried out in Suleyman Demirel University.     

Some synthetic cyclitol derivatives alleviate the effect of water deficit in cultivated and wild-type chickpea species

Cyclitols were prepared from corresponding allylic hydroperoxides, synthesized by photooxygenation of the appropriate cyclic alkenes. These hydroperoxides were then separately treated with a catalytic amount of OsO₄. Synthesized dl-cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol 9 (A), dl-cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol 12 (B), and dl-cycloheptane-1,2,3-triol 15 (C) were used in the investigation of plant stress. Antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and water status of chickpea species exposed to synthetic cyclitols under water deficit were examined. Cyclitol derivatives significantly decreased leaf water potential, lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂ levels of wild and cultivated species under water deficit. Cyclitol treatments affected antioxidant enzyme activities differently in both species under water deficit. The highest SOD activity was found in A10-treated Cicer arietinum (cultivar) and C10-treated Cicer reticulatum (wild type) under water deficit. CAT activity increased in C. arietinum exposed to A cyclitols, while it increased slightly and then decreased in cyclitol-treated C. reticulatum under stress conditions. AP and GR activities were significantly increased in C. arietinum under water deficit. AP activity increased in C derivatives-treated C. arietinum, while it remained unchanged in C. reticulatum on day 1 of water deficit. GR activity was increased in A derivaties-treated C. arietinum and C derivatives-treated C. reticulatum on day 1 of water deficit and decreased with severity of stress (except for B10-treated C. arietinum). The level of AsA in C treatments and GSH in A treatments increased in C. arietinum on day 1 of water deficit, while in C. reticulatum, AsA and GSH levels decreased under stress conditions. We conclude that exogenous synthetic cyclitol derivatives are biologically active and noncytotoxic, resulting in higher antioxidant activities and lower water potential, thus increasing the water deficit tolerance of chickpea under water deficit, especially of cultivated chickpea. We also propose that synthetic cyclitol derivatives can reduce reactive oxygen species and membrane damage and are beneficial for stress adaptation.