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排序方式: 共有122条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Trichome-borne and artificially applied acylsugars of wild tomato deter feeding and oviposition of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. J. Hawthorne J. A. Shapiro W. M. Tingey M. A. Mutschler 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1992,65(1):65-73
Oviposition and adult feeding of the leafminer Liriomyza trifollii (Burgess) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) on Lycopersicon pennellii (Corr.) D'Arcy and its F1 hybrid with Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) was significantly less than that on the cultivated tomato, L. esculentum. The resistance of L. pennellii and the F1 was reduced following rinsing of foliage with ethanol. Resistant attributes of L. pennellii were transferred to L. esculentum through appression of L. pennellii foliage to L. esculentum leaflets. Application of purified 2,3,4-tri-O-acylglucoses (the principal component of type IV glandular trichome exudate of L. pennellii) to L. esculentum significantly decreased feeding and oviposition on L. esculentum leaflets by 61–99%. Therefore the principal mechanism of resistance to this leafminer by L. pennellii is the secretion of these acylglucoses. Dose response analysis of acylglucoses applied to L. esculentum shows that dosages as low as 10% those found on L. pennellii provide large reductions (91%) in leaf punctures and mines. 相似文献
2.
3.
Increased 8-hydroxyguanine content of chloroplast DNA from ozone-treated plants 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
The mechanism of ozone-mediated plant injury is not known but has been postulated to involve oxygen free radicals. Hydroxyl free radicals react with DNA causing formation of many products, one of which is 8-hydroxyguanine. By using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, the 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content of a DNA enzymatic digest can be sensitively quantitated. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) were treated with an ozone regime that caused acute injury. Chloroplast DNA was obtained from plants harvested either immediately after ozone treatment or 24 hours later. Ozone-exposed plants in general had nearly two-fold higher levels of 8-OHdG as compared to control plants. In vitro treatment of DNA in buffer solution with ozone did not cause formation of 8-OHdG in DNA, even though ozone did react directly with the macromolecule per se. Exposure of isolated, illuminated chloroplasts to ozone caused nearly a seven-fold increase in the amount of 8-OHdG in the chloroplast DNA as compared to none-ozone-exposed chloroplasts. These results suggest that ozone exposure to plants causes formation of enhanced levels of oxygen free radicals, thus mediating formation of 8-OHdG in chloroplast DNA. The reaction of ozone with DNA per se did not cause formation of 8-OHdG. Therefore, it is the interaction of ozone with plant cells and isolated chloroplasts which mediates oxygen free radical formation. 相似文献
4.
DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. 总被引:1015,自引:32,他引:983 下载免费PDF全文
J G Williams A R Kubelik K J Livak J A Rafalski S V Tingey 《Nucleic acids research》1990,18(22):6531-6535
Molecular genetic maps are commonly constructed by analyzing the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among the progeny of a sexual cross. Here we describe a new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. These polymorphisms, simply detected as DNA segments which amplify from one parent but not the other, are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and can be used to construct genetic maps in a variety of species. We suggest that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. 相似文献
5.
The joint action of O3 and SO2 stress on plants was investigated by determining the quantitative relationship between air pollutant fluxes and effects on stomatal conductance. Gas exchange measurements of O3, SO2, and H2O vapor were made for Pisum sativum L. (garden pea). Plants were grown under controlled environments, and O3, SO2, and H2O vapor fluxes were evaluated with a whole-plant gas exchange chamber using the mass-balance approach. Maximum O3 and SO2 fluxes per unit area (2 sided) into leaves averaged 8 nanomoles per square meter per second with exposure to either O3 or SO2 at 0.1 microliters per liter. Internal fluxes of either O3 or SO2 were reduced by up to 50% during exposure to combined versus individual pollutants; the greatest reduction occurred with simultaneous versus sequential combinations of the pollutants. Stomatal conductance to H2O was substantially altered by the pollutant exposures, with O3 molecules twice as effective as SO2 molecules in inducing stomatal closure. Stomatal conductance was related to the integrated dose of pollutants. The regression equations relating integrated dose to stomatal conductance were similar with O3 alone, O3 plus added SO2, and O3 plus SO2 simultaneously; i.e. a dose of 100 micromoles per square meter produced a 39 to 45% reduction in conductance over nonexposed plants. With SO2 alone, or SO2 plus added O3, a dose of 100 micromoles per square meter produced a 20 to 25% reduction in conductance. When O3 was present at the start of the exposure, then stomatal response resembled that for O3 more than the response for SO2. This study indicated that stomatal responses with combinations of O3 and SO2 are not dependent solely on the integrated dose of pollutants, but suggests that a metabolic synergistic effect exists. 相似文献
6.
Characterization of lanthanide (III) ion binding to calmodulin using luminescence spectroscopy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Pulsed dye laser excitation spectroscopy of the 7F0----5D0 transition of Eu(III) reveals only a single peak as this ion is titrated into apocalmodulin. A titration based on the intensity of this transition shows that the first two Eu(III) ions bind quantitatively to two tight sites, followed by weaker binding (Kd = 2 microM) to two additional sites under conditions of high ionic strength (0.5 M KC1). This excitation experiment is also shown to be a general method for measuring contaminating levels of EDTA down to 0.2 microM in proton solutions. Experiments with Tb(III) using both direct laser excitation and indirect sensitization of Tb(III) luminescence through tyrosine residues in calmodulin also give evidence for two tight and two weaker binding sites (Kd = 2-3 microM). The indirect sensitization results primarily upon binding to the two weaker sites, implying that Tb(III) binds first to domains I and II, which are remote from tyrosine-containing domains III and IV. The 7F0----5D0 excitation signal of Eu(III) was used to measure the relative overall affinities of the tripositive lanthanide ions, Ln(III), across the series. Ln(III) ions at the end of the series are found to bind more weakly than those at the beginning and middle of the series. Eu(III) excited-state lifetime measurements in H2O and D2O reveal that two water molecules are coordinated to the Eu(III) at each of the four metal ion binding sites. Measurements of F?rster-type nonradiative energy-transfer efficiencies between Eu(III) and Nd(III) in the two tight sites were carried out by monitoring the excited-state lifetimes of Eu(III) in the presence and absence of the energy acceptor ion Nd(III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
7.
A system which imposes a range of water stress levels was developed and evaluated. Water stress was controlled by employing a screen to suspend roots above a water column of known height. Levels of water stress were imposed by changing water column height and/or hydraulic conductivity of the medium in the column. The system was evaluated in a series of growth chamber experiments in which sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L. cv NK894) were given three levels of water availability for a period of 3 weeks. Third leaf midday water potentials at the end of the trials ranged from −0.73 ± 0.04 to −2.35 ± 0.17 megapascals in waterstressed plants compared to −0.40 ± 0.02 megapascals for control plants. Repetition of experiments showed no statistical differences in leaf water potentials, plant leaf areas, or plastochron indices between trials. During the experiments, the severity and pattern of water stress developments was related to both water column height and conductivity of the medium. Control plants exhibited normal diurnal water relations and transpirational behavior. Use of this system avoids many problems associated with other techniques and provides a means for subjecting plants to reproducible water stress levels for extended periods of time. 相似文献
8.
Various studies have shown that water-stressed plants are more tolerant of ozone exposures than are unstressed plants. Two probable explanations for this tolerance are (a) stomatal closure which reduces ozone uptake and (b) biochemical or anatomical changes within the leaves. Phaseolus vulgaris cv Pinto bean plants were established and transferred to membrane systems which controlled the osmotic potential around the roots at −35 or −80 kilopascals for 5 days prior to ozone treatment (0 or 1.0 microliters per liter for 2 hours). Both water-stressed and unstressed plants were sprayed with various concentrations of abscisic acid to close the stomata or with fusicoccin to induce stomata opening. The abaxial stomatal resistances of primary and trifoliate leaves were measured just prior to ozone exposure. Plant response to ozone was determined by stress ethylene production and chlorophyll loss. Both water stress and abscisic acid induced stomatal closure and reduced ozone injury. In water-stressed plants, fusicoccin induced stomatal opening and those plants were as sensitive to ozone as were the non-water-stressed plants. These data suggest that water stress protects plants from ozone injury mainly through its influence on stomatal aperture rather than through biochemical or anatomical changes. 相似文献
9.
Sulfur Dioxide Flux into Leaves of Geranium carolinianum L. : Evidence for a Nonstomatal or Residual Resistance 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
The concurrent exchange of SO2 and H2O vapor between the atmosphere and foliage of Geranium carolinianum was investigated using a whole-plant gas exchange chamber. Total leaf flux of SO2 was partitioned into leaf surface and internal fractions. The emission rate of SO2-induced H2S was measured to develop a net leaf budget for atmospherically derived sulfur. Stomatal resistance to SO2 flux was estimated by two techniques: (a) RsSO2′ from SO2 data using analog modeling techniques and (b) RsSO2 from analogy to H2O (i.e. 1.89 RsH2o). 相似文献
10.
Direct sequencing of the mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop) of shrews
(genus Sorex) for the region between the tRNA(Pro) and the conserved
sequence block-F revealed variable numbers of 79-bp tandem repeats. These
repeats were found in all 19 individuals sequenced, representing three
subspecies and one closely related species of the masked shrew group (Sorex
cinereus cinereus, S. c. miscix, S. c. acadicus, and S. haydeni) and an
outgroup, the pygmy shrew (S. hoyi). Each specimen also possessed an
adjacent 76-bp imperfect copy of the tandem repeats. One individual was
heteroplasmic for length variants consisting of five and seven copies of
the 79-bp tandem repeat. The sequence of the repeats is conducive to the
formation of secondary structure. A termination-associated sequence is
present in each of the repeats and in a unique sequence region 5' to the
tandem array as well. Mean genetic distance between the masked shrew taxa
and the pygmy shrew was calculated separately for the unique sequence
region, one of the tandem repeats, the imperfect repeat, and these three
regions combined. The unique sequence region evolved more rapidly than the
tandem repeats or the imperfect repeat. The small genetic distance between
pairs of tandem repeats within an individual is consistent with a model of
concerted evolution. Repeats are apparently duplicated and lost at a high
rate, which tends to homogenize the tandem array. The rate of D- loop
sequence divergence between the masked and pygmy shrews is estimated to be
15%-20%/Myr, the highest rate observed in D-loops of mammals. Rapid
sequence evolution in shrews may be due either to their high metabolic rate
and short generation time or to the presence of variable numbers of tandem
repeats.
相似文献