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1.
2.
Retinoic acid modifies positional memory in the anteroposterior axis of regenerating axolotl limbs 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effects of retinoic acid (RA) on anteroposterior (AP) positional memory of regenerating axolotl limbs were tested after removing the anterior or posterior half from the zeugopodium (lower arm or leg). RA (150 micrograms/g body wt) was injected into groups of animals bearing the following types of limbs: (1) anterior and posterior half zeugopodia grafted to the eyesocket and amputated distally 7 days later; (2) unamputated anterior and posterior half zeugopodia in situ; (3) double anterior and double posterior half zeugopodia amputated distally 7 days after their construction; (4) sham-operated zeugopodia amputated distally 7 days after operation. Controls consisted of these four groups injected with the retinoid solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, or not injected. Control half zeugopodia grafted to the eyesocket regenerated no more than one or two digits. Control unamputated half zeugopodia in situ underwent partial or complete regeneration of the missing half from the proximal and midline wound surfaces exposed during construction of the half zeugopodia. Control double anterior and posterior zeugopodia both regenerated symmetrical, hypomorphic regenerates with 1-3 digits in the double anteriors and 1-6 digits in the double posteriors. Sham-operated controls regenerated normally. Regenerating anterior and posterior halves responded differently to RA. RA-treated anterior half zeugopodia in the eyesocket, and anterior half stumps adjacent to the unamputated posterior half zeugopodia in situ both produced regenerates that duplicated stump structures in the proximodistal axis and formed a complete and normal AP pattern. RA-treated double anterior zeugopodia regenerated proximodistal-duplicated pairs of mirror-imaged limbs, each with a complete and normal AP pattern. In contrast, half posterior zeugopodia in the eyesocket, the posterior half stumps of unamputated half anterior zeugopodia in situ, and double posterior zeugopodia all failed to regenerate. These results suggest that RA modifies positional memory in only one direction in the AP axis, posterior. 相似文献
3.
4.
DNA sequences were determined for three to five alleles of the bride-of-
sevenless (boss) gene in each of four species of Drosophila. The product of
boss is a transmembrane receptor for a ligand coded by the sevenless gene
that triggers differentiation of the R7 photoreceptor cell in the compound
eye. Population parameters affecting the rate and pattern of molecular
evolution of boss were estimated from the multinomial configurations of
nucleotide polymorphisms of synonymous codons. The time of divergence
between D. melanogaster and D. simulans was estimated as approximately 1
Myr, that between D. teissieri and D. yakuba as approximately 0.75 Myr, and
that between the two pairs of sibling species as approximately 2 Myr. (The
boss genes themselves have estimated divergence times approximately 50%
greater than the species divergence times.) The effective size of the
species was estimated as approximately 5 x 10(6), and the average mutation
rate was estimated as 1-2 x 10(-9)/nucleotide/generation. The ratio of
amino acid polymorphisms within species to fixed differences between
species suggests that approximately 25% of all possible single-step amino
acid replacements in the boss gene product may be selectively neutral or
nearly neutral. The data also imply that random genetic drift has been
responsible for virtually all of the observed differences in the portion of
the boss gene analyzed among the four species.
相似文献
5.
The contractile basis of amoeboid movement: V. The control of gelation, solation, and contraction in extracts from dictyostelium discoideum 总被引:29,自引:22,他引:7 下载免费PDF全文
Motile extracts have been prepared from Dictyostelium discoideum by homogenization and differential centrifugation at 4 degrees C in a stabilization solution (60). These extracts gelled on warming to 25 degrees Celsius and contracted in response to micromolar Ca++ or a pH in excess of 7.0. Optimal gelation occurred in a solution containing 2.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA), 2.5 mM piperazine-N-N'-bis [2-ethane sulfonic acid] (PIPES), 1 mM MgC1(2), 1 mM ATP, and 20 mM KCI at ph 7.0 (relaxation solution), while micromolar levels of Ca++ inhibited gelation. Conditions that solated the gel elicited contraction of extracts containing myosin. This was true regardless of whether chemical (micromolar Ca++, pH >7.0, cytochalasin B, elevated concentrations of KCI, MgC1(2), and sucrose) or physical (pressure, mechanical stress, and cold) means were used to induce solation. Myosin was definitely required for contraction. During Ca++-or pH-elicited contraction: (a) actin, myosin, and a 95,000-dalton polypeptide were concentrated in the contracted extract; (b) the gelation activity was recovered in the material sqeezed out the contracting extract;(c) electron microscopy demonstrated that the number of free, recognizable F-actin filaments increased; (d) the actomyosin MgATPase activity was stimulated by 4- to 10-fold. In the absense of myosin the Dictyostelium extract did not contract, while gelation proceeded normally. During solation of the gel in the absense of myosin: (a) electron microscopy demonstrated that the number of free, recognizable F- actin filaments increased; (b) solation-dependent contraction of the extract and the Ca++-stimulated MgATPase activity were reconstituted by adding puried Dictyostelium myosin. Actin purified from the Dictyostelium extract did not gel (at 2 mg/ml), while low concentrations of actin (0.7-2 mg/ml) that contained several contaminating components underwent rapid Ca++ regulated gelation. These results indicated : (a) gelation in Dictyostelium extracts involves a specific Ca++-sensitive interaction between actin and several other components; (b) myosin is an absolute requirement for contraction of the extract; (c) actin-myosin interactions capable of producing force for movement are prevented in the gel, while solation of the gel by either physical or chemical means results in the release of F-actin capable of interaction with myosin and subsequent contraction. The effectiveness of physical agents in producting contraction suggests that the regulation of contraction by the gel is structural in nature. 相似文献
6.
V KW Wong T Li B YK Law E DL Ma N C Yip F Michelangeli C KM Law M M Zhang K YC Lam P L Chan L Liu 《Cell death & disease》2013,4(7):e720
Autophagy is an important cellular process that controls cells in a normal homeostatic state by recycling nutrients to maintain cellular energy levels for cell survival via the turnover of proteins and damaged organelles. However, persistent activation of autophagy can lead to excessive depletion of cellular organelles and essential proteins, leading to caspase-independent autophagic cell death. As such, inducing cell death through this autophagic mechanism could be an alternative approach to the treatment of cancers. Recently, we have identified a novel autophagic inducer, saikosaponin-d (Ssd), from a medicinal plant that induces autophagy in various types of cancer cells through the formation of autophagosomes as measured by GFP-LC3 puncta formation. By computational virtual docking analysis, biochemical assays and advanced live-cell imaging techniques, Ssd was shown to increase cytosolic calcium level via direct inhibition of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump, leading to autophagy induction through the activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase–AMP-activated protein kinase–mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. In addition, Ssd treatment causes the disruption of calcium homeostasis, which induces endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as the unfolded protein responses pathway. Ssd also proved to be a potent cytotoxic agent in apoptosis-defective or apoptosis-resistant mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, which either lack caspases 3, 7 or 8 or had the Bax-Bak double knockout. These results provide a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of Ssd, as a novel autophagic inducer, which has the potential of being developed into an anti-cancer agent for targeting apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. 相似文献
7.
High rate of DNA loss in the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis species groups 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
We recently proposed that patterns of evolution of non-LTR
retrotransposable elements can be used to study patterns of spontaneous
mutation. Transposition of non-LTR retrotransposable elements commonly
results in creation of 5' truncated, "dead-on-arrival" copies. These
inactive copies are effectively pseudogenes and, according to the neutral
theory, their molecular evolution ought to reflect rates and patterns of
spontaneous mutation. Maximum parsimony can be used to separate the
evolution of active lineages of a non-LTR element from the fate of the
"dead-on-arrival" insertions and to directly assess the relative
frequencies of different types of spontaneous mutations. We applied this
approach using a non-LTR element, Helena, in the Drosophila virilis group
and have demonstrated a surprisingly high incidence of large deletions and
the virtual absence of insertions. Based on these results, we suggested
that Drosophila in general may exhibit a high rate of spontaneous large
deletions and have hypothesized that such a high rate of DNA loss may help
to explain the puzzling dearth of bona fide pseudogenes in Drosophila. We
also speculated that variation in the rate of spontaneous deletion may
contribute to the divergence of genome size in different taxa by affecting
the amount of superfluous "junk" DNA such as, for example, pseudogenes or
long introns. In this paper, we extend our analysis to the D. melanogaster
subgroup, which last shared a common ancestor with the D. virilis group
approximately 40 MYA. In a different region of the same transposable
element, Helena, we demonstrate that inactive copies accumulate deletions
in species of the D. melanogaster subgroup at a rate very similar to that
of the D. virilis group. These results strongly suggest that the high rate
of DNA loss is a general feature of Drosophila and not a peculiar property
of a particular stretch of DNA in a particular species group.
相似文献
8.
9.
The ability to regenerate bone across a critical size defect would be a marked clinical advance over current methods for dealing with such structural gaps. Here, we briefly review the development of limb bones and the mandible, the regeneration of urodele limbs after amputation, and present evidence that urodele and anuran amphibians represent a valuable research model for the study of segment defect regeneration in both limb bones and mandible. 相似文献
10.
The cell division control protein (Cdc2) kinase is a catalytic subunit of a protein kinase complex, called the M phase promoting
factor, which induces entry into mitosis and is universal among eukaryotes. This protein is believed to play a major role
in cell division and control. The lives of biological cells are controlled by proteins interacting in metabolic and signaling
pathways, in complexes that replicate genes and regulate gene activity, and in the assembly of the cytoskeletal infrastructure.
Our knowledge of protein–protein (P–P) interactions has been accumulated from biochemical and genetic experiments, including
the widely used yeast two-hybrid test. In this paper we examine if P–P interactions in regenerating tissues and cells of the
anuran Xenopus laevis can be discovered from biomedical literature using computational and literature mining techniques. Using literature mining
techniques, we have identified a set of implicitly interacting proteins in regenerating tissues and cells of Xenopus laevis that may interact with Cdc2 to control cell division. Genome sequence based bioinformatics tools were then applied to validate
a set of proteins that appear to interact with the Cdc2 protein. Pathway analysis of these proteins suggests that Myc proteins
function as the regulator of M phase initiation by controlling expression of the Akt1 molecule that ultimately inhibits the
Cdc2-cyclin B complex in cells. P–P interactions that are implicitly appearing in literature can be effectively discovered
using literature mining techniques. By applying evolutionary principles on the P–P interacting pairs, it is possible to quantitatively
analyze the significance of the associations with biological relevance. The developed BioMap system allows discovering implicit
P–P interactions from large quantity of biomedical literature data. The unique similarities and differences observed within
the interacting proteins can lead to the development of the new hypotheses that can be used to design further laboratory experiments. 相似文献