The effects of co- and sequential inoculation of Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia kluyveri on chemical compositions of durian wine

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - This is a first study on using two non-Saccharomyces yeasts, Torulaspora delbrueckii Biodiva and Pichia kluyveri FrootZen to produce durian wine via...     

Volatile sulphur compounds and pathways of L-methionine catabolism in Williopsis yeasts

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are important to the food industry due to their high potency and presence in many foods. This study assessed for the first time VSC production and pathways of L: -methionine catabolism in yeasts from the genus Williopsis with a view to understanding VSC formation and their potential flavour impact. Five strains of Williopsis saturnus (var. saturnus, var. subsufficiens, var. suavolens, var. sargentensis and var. mrakii) were screened for VSC production in a synthetic medium supplemented with L: -methionine. A diverse range of VSCs were produced including dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanal (methional), 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol (methionol), 3-(methylthio)-1-propene, 3-(methylthio)-1-propyl acetate, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanoic acid (methionic acid) and ethyl 3-(methylthio)-1-propanoate, though the production of these VSCs varied between yeast strains. W. saturnus var. saturnus NCYC22 was selected for further studies due to its relatively high VSC production. VSC production was characterised step-wise with yeast strain NCYC22 in coconut cream at different L: -methionine concentrations (0.00-0.20%) and under various inorganic sulphate (0.00-0.20%) and nitrogen (ammonia) supplementation (0.00-0.20%), respectively. Optimal VSC production was obtained with 0.1% of L: -methionine, while supplementation of sulphate had no significant effect. Nitrogen supplementation showed a dramatic inhibitory effect on VSC production. Based on the production of VSCs, the study suggests that the Ehrlich pathway of L: -methionine catabolism is operative in W. saturnus yeasts and can be manipulated by adjusting certain nutrient parameters to control VSC production.     

版纳鱼螈牙齿的形态及发育

对我国特有的濒危珍稀两栖动物版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)牙齿的形态及其发育进行了研究.结果表明,版纳鱼螈牙齿发生于口腔上皮的底层细胞.一颗完整的牙齿由齿冠、纤维环和肉茎三部分构成,为同型钉状双尖齿.牙齿在上、下颌均排列成两排,每个齿位着生1～2颗牙齿.齿位数和齿数通常上颌齿多于下颌齿,上颌舌侧齿多于唇侧齿,下颌唇侧齿多于舌侧齿.随着个体的生长发育,齿位数和齿数会在颌后部增加.亚成体和成体有大量换齿或脱齿现象.牙齿从着生稀疏、功能齿和替换齿夹杂着生趋向功能齿密集整齐着生.同时,将此研究结果与其他蚓螈类进行了比较和分析.     

版纳鱼螈脑的解剖学与组织学

应用光镜对蚓螈目(Gymnophiona)物种版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)脑的解剖和组织结构进行观察。结果表明,版纳鱼螈脑可分为端脑、间脑、中脑和延脑4个部分,端脑由嗅球、副嗅球和大脑半球构成。嗅球发达,有两对嗅神经;大脑半球呈长椭圆形,为脑的主要部分;间脑腹面向后以漏斗连有扁平勺状的垂体;中脑椭圆形;没有小脑;延髓有较大弯曲。本文同时就上述结构特征与其他两栖动物相比较,探讨了在神经系统演化中版纳鱼螈脑的结构的原始性。     

东北云杉属一新变种

发表了东北产云杉属变种,即嫩江云杉(Picea koraiensis Nakai var.nenjiangensis S.Q.Nie et X.Y.Yuan)     

首次发现版纳鱼螈冬眠洞穴

2012年12月至2013年2月对版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)的冬眠进行初步研究,发现5条版纳鱼螈(包括成体和亚成体)在4个冬眠洞穴内冬眠,其越冬地选择在距离水源不远的溪流岸边或者平缓的山坡,能够自行打洞或者利用其他动物废弃的洞穴进行冬眠。版纳鱼螈主要是以单栖的方式冬眠,身体呈S形或者圆形。     

蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区的纤维联系

用HRP顺、逆行追踪技术 ,对蛤蚧 (Gekkogecko)前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区内部 ,以及该区与其周围结构之间的纤维联系进行了系统研究。结果表明 :①蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区内部存在核心部 -浅层细胞区环路 ;②蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区与尾外侧区之间有广泛的纤维联系 ;③蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区与皮质加厚区之间的环路是 2条联系视觉通路的高级中枢     

Growth and Arginine Metabolism of the Wine Lactic Acid Bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri and Oenococcus oeni at Different pH Values and Arginine Concentrations

During malolactic fermentation (MLF) in grape must and wine, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria may degrade arginine, leading to the formation of ammonia and citrulline, among other substances. This is of concern because ammonia increases the pH and thus the risk of growth by spoilage bacteria, and citrulline is a precursor to the formation of carcinogenic ethyl carbamate (EC). Arginine metabolism and growth of Lactobacillus buchneri CUC-3 and Oenococcus oeni strains MCW and Lo111 in wine were investigated. In contrast to L. buchneri CUC-3, both oenococci required a higher minimum pH for arginine degradation, and arginine utilization was delayed relative to the degradation of malic acid, the main aim of MLF. This allows the control of pH increase and citrulline formation from arginine metabolism by carrying out MLF with pure oenococcal cultures and inhibiting cell metabolism after malic acid depletion. MLF by arginine-degrading lactobacilli should be discouraged because arginine degradation may lead to the enhanced formation of acids from sugar degradation. A linear relationship was found between arginine degradation and citrulline excretion rates. From this data, strain-specific arginine-to-citrulline conversion ratios were calculated that ranged between 2.2 and 3.9% (wt/wt), and these ratios can be used to estimate the contribution of citrulline to the EC precursor pool from a given amount of initial arginine. Increasing arginine concentrations led to higher rates of growth of L. buchneri CUC-3 but did not increase the growth yield of either oenococcus. These results suggest the use of non-arginine-degrading oenococci for inducing MLF.     

国产合欢属和棋子豆属的叶结构及其分类学意义

本文通过对国产合欢属Albizia 15种及棋子豆属Cylindrokelupha的叶结构观察,发现此两属叶结构特征有明显的区别,是较好的属间区别性状,表现在合欢属(3)4级以上脉至盲脉完全被厚壁的维管柱鞘细胞深深包埋,为包埋脉,且这些包埋脉宽度相等,不逐级递减,不易辨别,多分枝;网眼较小,发育不完善,不易辨别;而棋子豆属则表现为4级以上脉逐级递减,不为较厚的厚壁细胞的维管柱鞘细胞包埋,易于辨别,网眼接近中等大小,易辨。此外,还提供了国产合欢属15种,棋子豆属8种叶结构分析的基础资料,并就其在分类上的意义作了一些探讨。