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Daily ingestion of iodide alone is not adequate to sustain production of the thyroid hormones, tri- and tetraiodothyronine. Proper maintenance of iodide in vivo also requires its active transport into the thyroid and its salvage from mono- and diiodotyrosine that are formed in excess during hormone biosynthesis. The enzyme iodotyrosine deiodinase responsible for this salvage is unusual in its ability to catalyze a reductive dehalogenation reaction dependent on a flavin cofactor, FMN. Initial characterization of this enzyme was limited by its membrane association, difficult purification and poor stability. The deiodinase became amenable to detailed analysis only after identification and heterologous expression of its gene. Site-directed mutagenesis recently demonstrated that cysteine residues are not necessary for enzymatic activity in contrast to precedence set by other reductive dehalogenases. Truncation of the N-terminal membrane anchor of the deiodinase has provided a soluble and stable source of enzyme sufficient for crystallographic studies. The structure of an enzyme·substrate co-crystal has become invaluable for understanding the origins of substrate selectivity and the mutations causing thyroid disease in humans. 相似文献
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Rory P. Wilson Hannah J. Williams Mark D. Holton Agustina di Virgilio Luca Brger Jonathan R. Potts Richard Gunner Alex Arkwright Andreas Fahlman Nigel C. Bennett Abdulaziz Alagaili Nik C. Cole Carlos M. Duarte David M. Scantlebury 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(10):4291-4302
- Animal behavior is elicited, in part, in response to external conditions, but understanding how animals perceive the environment and make the decisions that bring about these behavioral responses is challenging.
- Animal heads often move during specific behaviors and, additionally, typically have sensory systems (notably vision, smell, and hearing) sampling in defined arcs (normally to the front of their heads). As such, head‐mounted electronic sensors consisting of accelerometers and magnetometers, which can be used to determine the movement and directionality of animal heads (where head “movement” is defined here as changes in heading [azimuth] and/or pitch [elevation angle]), can potentially provide information both on behaviors in general and also clarify which parts of the environment the animals might be prioritizing (“environmental framing”).
- We propose a new approach to visualize the data of such head‐mounted tags that combines the instantaneous outputs of head heading and pitch in a single intuitive spherical plot. This sphere has magnetic heading denoted by “longitude” position and head pitch by “latitude” on this “orientation sphere” (O‐sphere).
- We construct the O‐sphere for the head rotations of a number of vertebrates with contrasting body shape and ecology (oryx, sheep, tortoises, and turtles), illustrating various behaviors, including foraging, walking, and environmental scanning. We also propose correcting head orientations for body orientations to highlight specific heading‐independent head rotation, and propose the derivation of O‐sphere‐metrics, such as angular speed across the sphere. This should help identify the functions of various head behaviors.
- Visualizations of the O‐sphere provide an intuitive representation of animal behavior manifest via head orientation and rotation. This has ramifications for quantifying and understanding behaviors ranging from navigation through vigilance to feeding and, when used in tandem with body movement, should provide an important link between perception of the environment and response to it in free‐ranging animals.
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Kinetics of beta-glucuronidase induction by androgen. Genetic variation in the first order rate constant 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Measurements of enzyme activity, rates of protein synthesis, and mRNA activity suggest that the induction of beta-glucuronidase in mouse kidney in response to androgen is regulated at a pretranslational level. Following an initial lag period, the rate and extent of induction follow the rules of simple turnover kinetics and can be described in terms of a zero order rate constant for acquisition of mRNA activity (ka) and a first order rate constant for loss of activity (kb). Genetic variation in kb, described here for the first time, alters the half-time and extent of induction. Variation in kb is independent of previously described variation in ka and, unlike changes in ka, is not associated with change in the lag time. The DNA sequences determining kb, like those determining ka, are genetically linked to the structural gene for beta-glucuronidase. Following the removal of androgen, beta-glucuronidase activity, rate of synthesis, and mRNA activity all decline rapidly with half-lives of 1-2 days. Even in the most rapidly inducing strains, this is significantly faster than the half-time for induction determined by kb. Furthermore, genetic variation in kb does not affect the rate of de-induction. These facts suggest that kb may not describe the turnover of beta-glucuronidase mRNA, but rather the turnover of another step in the induction process. 相似文献
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S. E. Franklin L. Young D. Watson A. Cigan T. Meyer L. A. Bulla Jr. 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》1997,256(5):517-524
Various subspecies of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis are known to produce a wide array of insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) upon sporulation. These ICPs act primarily on the brush border of midgut epithelial cells of susceptible larvae. Recently, a protein of 210?kDa, isolated from the midgut of Manduca sexta, has been demonstrated to bind the Cry1Ab toxin produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. berliner and is therefore postulated to be involved in mediating the toxicity of Cry1Ab. The cDNA encoding the 210?kDa protein, termed BT-R1 (Bacillus thuringiensis receptor-1), was recently cloned, and shows limited homology to the cadherin superfamily of proteins. Quite naturally, there is a great deal of interest in the characterization of BT-R 1 , the gene encoding the 210?kDa Cry1Ab binding protein. The studies presented here involve the use of various restriction fragments prepared from the cDNA encoding BT-R1 as probes of Southern blots bearing M. sexta genomic DNA cleaved with a variety of restriction endonucleases. These Southern blot data reveal that there are two discrete regions within the M. sexta genome which encode sequences homologous to BT-R1. On the basis of the signal intensities seen on Southern blots, it appears that only one of these genes encodes BT-R1, whereas the other is a closely related homologue. 相似文献
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Effect of carbon source on lysine-mediated inhibition of postexponential growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
T G Watson 《Journal of bacteriology》1983,154(2):1013-1014
Lysine-mediated inhibition of postexponential growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurred when glucose, fructose, or maltose, but not lactate, pyruvate, or ethanol, was used as the carbon source. Arginine starvation is not responsible for the inhibitory effect, since neither the intracellular pool of glucose-grown (inhibited) cells nor that of lactate-grown (noninhibited) cells contained arginine. 相似文献
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