mitoEnergetics and cancer cell fate

The critical role of mitochondria in cell fate decisions has been well documented over the years. These observations have highlighted the way mitochondrial physiology controls cell survival and growth in the normal settings, the critical role of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and altered mitoenergetics in cell death execution, and most importantly the association of altered mitochondrial metabolism with pathological states, in particular cancer. Reprogramming of cell metabolism, an invariable finding in cancer cells, is tightly linked to mitoenergetics as is evidenced by up-regulation of nutrient uptake and a pro-oxidant tilt in the intracellular milieu. The latter has also been demonstrated in oncogene-induced carcinogenesis models, notably as a functional outcome of Bcl-2 overexpression. Interestingly, even in that model, mitochondria appear to be the target as well. Thus the association of metabolic re-circuiting and altered mitoenergetics with the process of transformation has resulted in a paradigm shift in the way cancer development and progression is viewed today, which has tremendous implications for the development of novel and strategic therapeutic modalities.     

Virtual reality training of lucid dreaming

Metacognitive reflections on one''s current state of mind are largely absent during dreaming. Lucid dreaming as the exception to this rule is a rare phenomenon; however, its occurrence can be facilitated through cognitive training. A central idea of respective training strategies is to regularly question one''s phenomenal experience: is the currently experienced world real, or just a dream? Here, we tested if such lucid dreaming training can be enhanced with dream-like virtual reality (VR): over the course of four weeks, volunteers underwent lucid dreaming training in VR scenarios comprising dream-like elements, classical lucid dreaming training or no training. We found that VR-assisted training led to significantly stronger increases in lucid dreaming compared to the no-training condition. Eye signal-verified lucid dreams during polysomnography supported behavioural results. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these findings, in particular the role of synthetic dream-like experiences, incorporation of VR content in dream imagery serving as memory cues, and extended dissociative effects of VR session on subsequent experiences that might amplify lucid dreaming training during wakefulness.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation''.