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1.
Advances in salt tolerance 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Summary Advances in and prospects for the development of salt tolerant crops are discussed. The genetic approach to the salinity problem
is fairly new, but research has become quite active in a short span of time. Difficulties and opportunities are outlined.
Salinity varies spatially, temporally, qualitatively, and quantitatively. In addition, the responses of plants to salt stress
vary during their life cycle. Selection and breeding, including the use of wide crosses, are considered the best short-term
approaches to the development of salt tolerant crops, but the new biotechnological and molecular biological techniques will
make increasingly important contributions. Cooperation is called for among soil and water scientists, agronomists, plant physiologists
and biochemists, cytologists, and plant geneticists, breeders, and biotechnologists. Given such cooperation and adequate support
for these endeavors, the potential for increasing productivity in salt-affected areas can be realized. 相似文献
2.
3.
Ion and oxygen uptake were studied on aging bean stem slices. Oxygen uptake was high immediately after slicing, decreased to a minimum at 100 minutes, and then increased again. Ion uptake per unit of O2 uptake data suggested that metabolic energy was utilized almost exclusively for sodium transport in fresh tissue but was diverted to potassium transport as the slices aged. Oxygen and ion uptake in fresh slices was less sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol as compared to the aged slices, indicating major metabolic and physiological changes occurred during aging. This was further substantiated by the tissue response to cyanide and antimycin A. Oxygen uptake was decreased by cyanide (22% by 1 mm) and antimycin A (14% by 1 microgram per milliliter) in fresh slices but not in aged slices. Potassium uptake that developed during aging was sensitive to cyanide and antimycin A. The results are pertinent to understanding the role of the stem in regulating ion transport in plants. 相似文献
4.
Sodium absorption by barley roots: role of the dual mechanisms of alkali cation transport 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Radioactively labeled Na(+) absorbed by barley roots was sequestered in an intracellular compartment or compartments ("inner" spaces) in which it was only very slowly exchangeable with exogenous Na(+). Absorption of this fraction proceeded at a constant rate for at least 1 hour.When the rate of Na(+) absorption was examined over the range of concentrations, 0.005 to 50 mm, the isotherm depicting the relation showed dual kinetics as follows. Over the range, 0.005 to 0.2 mm, a single Michaelis-Menten term describes the relation between the concentration of Na(+) and the rate of its absorption. The mechanism of Na(+) absorption operating over this range of concentrations, mechanism 1 of alkali cation transport, is severely inhibited in the presence of Ca(2+) and virtually rendered inoperative for Na(+) transport by the combined presence of Ca(2+) and K(+). The mechanism is equally effective in Na(+) transport whether Cl(-) or F(-) is the anion, but is somewhat inhibited when the anion is SO(4) (2-).Over the high range of concentrations, 0.5 to 50 mm Na(+), a second, low-affinity mechanism of Na(+) absorption comes into play. In the presence of Ca(2+) and K(+), this mechanism 2 is the only one to transport Na(+) effectively, since Na(+) absorption via mechanism 1 is virtually abolished under these conditions.Anaerobic conditions, low temperature, and the uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, inhibit Na(+) absorption both at low and high Na(+) concentrations. 相似文献
5.
The effect of NH
4
+
on the regulation of NO
3
–
and NO
2
–
transport systems in roots of intact barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) seedlings grown in NO
3
–
or NO
2
–
was studied. Ammonium partially inhibited induction of both transport systems. The inhibition was less severe in NO
2
–
-fed than in NO
3
–
-fed seedlings, presumably due to lower uptake of NH
4
+
in the presence of NO
2
–
. In seedlings pretreated with NH
4
+
subsequent induction was inhibited only when NH
4
+
was also present during induction, even though pretreated roots accumulated high levels of NH
4
+
. This indicates that inhibition may be regulated by NH
4
+
concentration in the cytoplasm rather than its total accumulation in roots. L-Methionine sulfoximine did not relieve the inhibition by NH
4
+
, suggesting that inhibition is caused by NH
4
+
itself rather than by its assimilation product(s). Ammonium inhibited subsequent expression of NO
3
–
transport activity similarly in roots grown in 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mM NO
3
–
for 24 h (steady-state phase) or 4 d (decline phase), indicating that it has a direct, rather than general feedback effect. Induction of the NO
3
–
transport system was about twice as sensitive to NH
4
+
as compared to the NO
2
–
transport system. This may relate to higher turnover rates of membraneassociated NO
3
–
-transport proteins.Abbreviations Mes
2(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
- MSO
L-methionine sulfoximine 相似文献
6.
Using pulses of nitrate, instead of the permanent presence of external nitrate, to induce the nitrate-assimilating system in Hordeum vulgare L., we demonstrated that nitrate can be considered as a trigger or signal for the induction of nitrate uptake, the appearance of nitratereductase activity and the synthesis of mRNA coding for nitrate reductase. Nitrate pulses stimulated the initial rate of nitrate uptake, even after subsequent cultivation in N-free medium, and resulted in a higher acceleration of the uptake rate in the presence of nitrate than in its absence.Abbreviations NR
nitrate reductase 相似文献
7.
8.
M. Tertuliano D.M. Olson G.C. Rains & W.J. Lewis 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2004,110(2):165-172
Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) learns odors in association with both hosts and food. The food‐associated ‘seeking’ behavior of M. croceipes was investigated under various training protocols utilizing the conditioning odor, 3‐octanone. We investigated the effects of odor training, or its lack, training duration, training frequency, time elapsed after training, wasp hunger state, and training reinforcement, on the food‐seeking responses of M. croceipes females. We found that odor‐trained females show strong food seeking responses, whereas non‐odor‐trained females do not respond to the odor, and that a single 10 s association with the odor whilst feeding on sugar water subsequently conditioned the wasps to exhibiting significant responses to it. Increases in training time to more than 10 s did not improve their responses. Repetition of the food–odor associations increased a wasp's recall, as well as its response over time, compared to a single exposure. Repeated exposure to the learned odor in the absence of a food reward decreased the responses of less hungry individuals. However, the level of response increased significantly following a single reinforcement with the food–odor association. Understanding the factors that influence learning in parasitoids can enhance our ability to predict their foraging behavior, and opens up avenues for the development of effective biological detectors. 相似文献
9.
Effects of low-chloride solutions on action potentials of sheep cadiac purkinje fibers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
The rapid repolarization during phase 1 of the action potential of sheep cardiac purkinje fibers has been attributed to a time- and voltage-dependent chloride current. In part, this conclusion was based on experiments that showed a substantial slowing of phase 1 when larger, presumably impermeant, anions were substituted for chloride in tyrode’s solution. We have re- examined the electrical effects of low-chloride solutions. We recorded action potentials of sheep cardiac purkinje fibers in normal tyrode’s solution and in low-chloride solutions made by substituting sodium propionate, acetylglycinate, methylsulfate, or methanesulfonate for the NaCl of Tyrode’s solution. Total calcium was adjusted to keep calcium ion activity of test solutions equal to that of control solutions. Propionate gave qualitatively variable results in preliminary experiments; it was not tested further. Low-chloride solutions made with the other anions gave much more consistent results: phase 1 and the notch that often occurs between phases 1 and 2 were usually unaffected, and the action potential duration usually increased. The only apparent change in the resting potential was a transient 3-6 mV depolarization when low-chloride solution was first admitted to the chamber, and a symmetrical transient hyperpolarization when chloride was returned to normal. If a time- and voltage-dependent chloride current exists in sheep cardiac purkinje fibers, our results suggest that it plays little role in generating phase 1 of the action potential. 相似文献
10.