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The phylogeny of Greya Busck (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) was inferred from
nucleotide sequence variation across a 765-bp region in the cytochrome
oxidase I and II genes of the mitochondrial genome. Most parsimonious
relationships of 25 haplotypes from 16 Greya species and two outgroup
genera (Tetragma and Prodoxus) showed substantial congruence with the
species relationships indicated by morphological variation. Differences
between mitochondrial and morphological trees were found primarily in the
positions of two species, G. variabilis and G. pectinifera, and in the
branching order of the three major species groups in the genus. Conflicts
between the data sets were examined by comparing levels of homoplasy in
characters supporting alternative hypotheses. The phylogeny of Greya
species suggests that host-plant association at the family level and larval
feeding mode are conservative characters. Transition/transversion ratios
estimated by reconstruction of nucleotide substitutions on the phylogeny
had a range of 2.0-9.3, when different subsets of the phylogeny were used.
The decline of this ratio with the increase in maximum sequence divergence
among taxa indicates that transitions are masked by transversions along
deeper internodes or long branches of the phylogeny. Among transitions,
substitutions of A-->G and T-->C outnumbered their reciprocal
substitutions by 2-6 times, presumably because of the approximately 4:1
(77%) A+T-bias in nucleotide base composition. Of all transversions,
73%-80% were A<-->T substitutions, 85% of which occurred at third
positions of codons; these estimates did not decrease with an increase in
maximum sequence divergence of taxa included in the analysis. The high
frequency of A<-->T substitutions is either a reflection or an
explanation of the 92% A+T bias at third codon positions.
相似文献
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L. Pradier E. Heuillet J. P. Hubert M. Laville S. Le Guern A. Doble 《Journal of neurochemistry》1993,61(5):1850-1858
Abstract— In the human astrocytoma cell line U 373 MG, application of substance P (SP) leads to a transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentration and to a biphasic current response in voltage-clamped cells. Using these two functional assays we have characterized pharmacologically the SP response in U 373 MG cells. SP and [l -Pro9]SP displayed high potencies in both assays with EC50values of 2.5 ± 10?9M and 1 ± 10?9M on calcium responses and 110?9M and 510?9M on ion current responses, respectively. The high potency of SP and [l -Pro9]SP as well as the low potency of [Lys5,MeLeu9,N-Leu10]neurokinin A(4-10) and the inactivity of senktide demonstrate the NK1-type pharmacology of these responses. Furthermore, the NK1 antagonists (±)-CP 96,345, its chloro analogue, (±)-cis-3-(2-chlorobenzylamino)-2-benz-hydrylquinuclidine, and RP 67580 were potent antagonists of both SP responses. For the calcium mobilization induced by SP (1 (10?7M), the IC50 values for the three antagonists were 4 ± 10?10M, 4 ± 10?9M, and 9 ± 10?9M, respectively, whereas on the current response evoked by SP 10?8M), the IC50 values were 8 ± 10?9M, 2.4 ± 10?8M, and 1.2 10?7M, respectively. Despite differences in the absolute IC50 values obtained with both techniques, the relative potencies of the three antagonists correlate fairly well. The U 373 MG cell line provides a useful model system for studies of the pharmacology of the human NK1receptor and its transduction mechanisms at the level of second messengers and modulation of ion currents. 相似文献
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