Catalysis by alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into surface-modified polymeric nanogranules in organic solvent.

Physicochemical characteristics of previously suggested surface-modified polymeric nanogranules (SMPN) and catalytic and stability properties of alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into such nanogranules in a nonpolar solvent were investigated in more details. SMPN were obtained by polymerization of an acrylamide/N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide mixture in a mixed reversed micellar system composed of Aerosol OT [sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate] and the polymeric surfactant Pluronic F-108 modified with polymerizable groups, followed by the chromatographic removal of the auxiliary surfactant, Aerosol OT. An optimal solvent system was found providing the required orientation of the polymeric surfactant in starting mixed micelles, i.e. with polar fragments immersed into the micellar interior and apolar fragments protruding into organic solvent. The hydrodynamic diameter of SMPN in benzene solution was estimated by means of quasi-elastic light scattering to be 84 +/- 1 nm. Catalytic and stability properties of alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into SMPN strongly depended on conditions of preparation of SMPN. The optimal concentration of acrylamide monomers in the micellar interior and hydration degree of starting reversed micelles were found to be 20% by mass and wo = 15, respectively. alpha-Chymotrypsin-containing SMPN were used as a catalyst in the synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester from N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and ethanol, performed in a membrane reactor.     

Frequency and causes of prevalence of p.Arg894* mutation in CLCN1 gene responsible for development of thomsen’s and becker’s myotonias in russian population

Thomsen’s (TM) and Becker’s (BM) myotonias are nondystrophic myotonias. At present, 150 mutations in the CLCN1 gene, which results in the development of TM and BM, have been described. The c.2680C>T (p.Arg894*) is the most common mutation. In the Northern Scandinavian countries, the population frequency of this mutation is 0.87%, while in the Russian Federation, it is equal to 1.2% (this study). Based on the results of a molecular-genetic analysis of CLCN1 gene in patients with nondystrophic myotonias, the calculated frequency of TM and BM in Russia is 1: 8165 and 1: 710, respectively. We have conducted haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers and intragene SNP, which has shown that the prevalence of p.Arg894* mutation in Russia results from the founder effect, and the time of its scattering is 3680 ± 1240 years.     

Pathology of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder

In this article, the characteristics of the functional activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key element of the neuroanatomical error detection system of the brain in drug-resistant forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are discussed on the basis of both original and published data. Available data indicate the presence of a functional deficit zone in the ACC during PCD. This fact suggests that the functions of the ACC in OCD patients are partially redistributed between other brain areas. Thus, in contrast to the previously accepted ideas, the target of stereotactic surgery for OCD is a pathologically altered brain region. Probably, this explains the fact that the operation does not lead to significant changes in the patient’s psyche. The pathological reorganization of the functional activity of the brain in OCD remains unclear and requires further investigation.     

Elasticity and physico-chemical properties during drinking water biofilm formation

Atomic force microscope techniques and multi-staining fluorescence microscopy were employed to study the steps in drinking water biofilm formation. During the formation of a conditioning layer, surface hydrophobic forces increased and the range of characteristic hydrophobic forces diversified with time, becoming progressively complex in macromolecular composition, which in return triggered irreversible cellular adhesion. AFM visualization of 1 to 8 week drinking water biofilms showed a spatially discontinuous and heterogeneous distribution comprising an extensive network of filamentous fungi in which biofilm aggregates were embedded. The elastic modulus of 40-day-old biofilms ranged from 200 to 9000 kPa, and the biofilm deposits with a height >0.5 μm had an elastic modulus <600 kPa, suggesting that the drinking water biofilms were composed of a soft top layer and a basal layer with significantly higher elastic modulus values falling in the range of fungal elasticity.     

A novel bacterium carrying out anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a reactor for biological treatment of the filtrate of wastewater fermented sludge

A new genus and species of bacteria capable of ammonium oxidation under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrite is described. The enrichment culture was obtained from the Moscow River silt by sequential cultivation in reactors with selective conditions for anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Bacterial cells were coccoid, ～0.4 × 0.7 μm, with the intracellular membrane structures typical of bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammoxosome and paryphoplasm). The cells formed aggregates 5–25 μm in diameter (10 μm on average). They were readily adhered to solid surfaces. The cells were morphologically labile: they easily lost their content and changed their morphology during fixation for electron microscopy. The organism was capable of ammonium oxidation with nitrite. The semisaturation constants Ks for nitrite and ammonium were 0.38 mg N-NO₂/L and 0.41 mg N-NH₄/L, respectively. The maximal nitrite concentrations for growth were 90 and 75 mg N-NO₂/L for single and continuous application, respectively. The doubling time was 32 days, μ_max = 0.022 day^?1, the optimal temperature and pH were 20°C and 7.8–8.3, respectively. According to the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacterium was assigned to a new genus and species within the phylum Planctomycetes. The proposed name for the new bacterium is Candidatus Anammoximicrobium moscowii gen. nov., sp. nov. (a microorganism carrying out anaerobic ammonium oxidation, isolated in the Moscow region).     

Utilization of milk energy by suckling mink kits

A total of 36 mink dams and their litters of 3, 6 or 9 kits were used for determination of milk intake of the suckling young by means of deuterium dilution technique, and chemical composition of milk and of kit bodies. Measurements were performed during lactation weeks 1?–?4, each week with 3 dams with each litter size. Milk intake was determined over a 48?h measurement period, and by the end of this milk samples were collected and 2 kits (litters of 6 and 9) or 1 kit per litter (litters of 3) were killed for body chemical composition. Based on the results, different models were applied for calculation of the energetic efficiency of milk. Dam milk yield increased steadily from week 1 until week 3 but only slightly from week 3 to 4. The increase declined with increasing litter size, and for dams suckling 9 kits the increment from week 3 to week 4 was only 2?g. The dry matter content of milk increased significantly as lactation progressed, being reflected in crude protein increasing from 6.9% in lactation week 1 to 8.1% in week 4. Milk fat increased concomitantly from 5.6% to 8.0%. In kit bodies, crude protein content increased from 9.4% in week 1 to about 12% in weeks 3 and 4. Body fat content increased from week 1 (4.1%) to week 3 (8.4%) and then declined in week 4 (7.1%). Animals suckled in litters of 3 kits had the highest milk intake and live weight and kits suckled in litters of 9 had the lowest milk intake, live weight and daily gain. In terms of milk intake per g gain kits in litters of 6 were the most efficient, with 4.1?g milk per g body gain. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to 448 kJ/kg^0.75 and the efficiency of utilization of ME for body gain (k_g) to 0.67, the estimates being higher (MEm) or in good agreement with previous findings (k_g) in suckling mink kits.     

Bayesian Monitoring of Emerging Infectious Diseases

We define data analyses to monitor a change in R, the average number of secondary cases caused by a typical infected individual. The input dataset consists of incident cases partitioned into outbreaks, each initiated from a single index case. We split the input dataset into two successive subsets, to evaluate two successive R values, according to the Bayesian paradigm. We used the Bayes factor between the model with two different R values and that with a single R value to justify that the change in R is statistically significant. We validated our approach using simulated data, generated using known R. In particular, we found that claiming two distinct R values may depend significantly on the number of outbreaks. We then reanalyzed data previously studied by Jansen et al. [Jansen et al. Science 301 (5634), 804], concerning the effective reproduction number for measles in the UK, during 1995–2002. Our analyses showed that the 1995–2002 dataset should be divided into two separate subsets for the periods 1995–1998 and 1999–2002. In contrast, Jansen et al. take this splitting point as input of their analysis. Our estimated effective reproduction numbers R are in good agreement with those found by Jansen et al. In conclusion, our methodology for detecting temporal changes in R using outbreak-size data worked satisfactorily with both simulated and real-world data. The methodology may be used for updating R in real time, as surveillance outbreak data become available.     

Reliability of the search for 19 common mutations in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">CFTR</Emphasis> gene in Russian cystic fibrosis patients and the calculated frequency of the disease in Russian Federation

A study of Russian cystic fibrosis (CF) patient DNA was conducted to assess the incidence frequency of 19 mutations, namely CFTRdele2,3(21kb), F508del, I507del, 1677delTA, 2143delT, 2184insA, 394delTT, 3821delT, L138ins, 604insA, 3944delGT, G542X, W1282X, N1303K, R334W, and 3849 + 10kbC > T, S1196X, 621 + 1g > t, and E92K of the CFTR gene. We also sought to determine the estimated CF frequency in Russian Federation. In addition, we determined the total information content of the approach for 19 common mutations registration in the CFTR gene, 84.6%, and the allelic frequencies of the examined mutations: three mutations were observed with a frequency exceeding 5% (F508del, 53.98%, E92K, 6.47%, CFTRdele2,3(21kb), 5.35%); other mutations were observed with frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 3.0%. The CF population carrier frequency was 1 in 38 subjects, while the predicted CF frequency was 1 in 5776 newborns.     

Complex Molecular Diagnostics of Hemophilia A in Russian Patients

Russian Journal of Genetics - Hemophilia A is a frequent X-linked recessive blood clotting disorder. It is caused by mutations in the F8 gene (locus Xq28) and affects 1 in 5000 newborn boys. The...