全文获取类型
收费全文 | 151篇 |
免费 | 13篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 1篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 1篇 |
2015年 | 4篇 |
2014年 | 6篇 |
2013年 | 8篇 |
2012年 | 8篇 |
2011年 | 11篇 |
2010年 | 6篇 |
2009年 | 2篇 |
2008年 | 4篇 |
2007年 | 3篇 |
2006年 | 3篇 |
2005年 | 3篇 |
2004年 | 3篇 |
2003年 | 3篇 |
2002年 | 3篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 6篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
1951年 | 1篇 |
1948年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有164条查询结果,搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
2.
We have developed a model of glycophorin in a phospholipid bilayer membrane in order to study the thermodynamics of this system and to understand the detailed behavior of recent calorimetric data. We assume that the larger glycophorin polar group can be considered as either adopting a pancakelike conformation at the bilayer interface (D state) or be directed generally away from the interface (U state) [Ruppel, D., Kapitza, H.G., Galla, H.J., Sixl, F., & Sackmann, E. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 692, 1-17]. Lipid hydrocarbon chains are described either as excited (e state) with high energy and relatively many gauche conformers or as generally extended (g state) with low energy. We performed a Monte-Carlo simulation using the Glauber and Kawasaki procedures on a triangular lattice which represents the plane of half of the bilayer. Lattice sites can be occupied either by lipid hydrocarbon chains or by model glycophorin alpha-helical hydrophobic cores. The states D and U are represented by hexagons of different sizes in the plane of the lattice, and the hard core repulsion between two such polar groups is accounted for by forbidding hexagon-hexagon overlap. We have studied the effect of having the glycophorin polar group interact in various ways with the lipid bilayer. We find that the protein polar group in its D state interacts, either directly or indirectly, with the lipid bilayer so as to reduce the effective lateral pressure acting on the lipid hydrocarbon chains by about 3 dyn/cm. Polar groups in their U states do not reduce this lateral pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
3.
Nonpolymorphic regions of p190, a protein of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stage, contain both T and B cell epitopes 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
F Sinigaglia B Takacs H Jacot H Matile J R Pink A Crisanti H Bujard 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1988,140(10):3568-3572
Two conserved regions from the genetically polymorphic p190 molecule of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum have previously been expressed in Escherichia coli as separate polypeptides (190.L and 190.M) or as a single fusion protein (190.N). In the present study we investigated whether human B and T lymphocytes recognize these conserved regions. The more amino-terminal region, 190.L (corresponding to residues 188-363 of the encoded protein sequence) reacted preferentially with sera from donors living in a malaria-endemic area. Also, EBV-transformed B cells, from a healthy donor living in a malaria-mesoendemic area, were fused with a human-mouse hybrid line (SPM4-0), yielding two hybridomas whose products recognized both 190.L and the fusion protein 190.N, but not the 190.M polypeptide. A large number of p190-specific T cell clones were obtained from PBMC of a noninfected donor, after in vitro stimulation with the recombinant fusion protein 190.N. The clones reacted with intact, parasite-derived p190, as well as either 190.L or 190.M. Four clones that recognized the more amino-terminal fragment also responded to infected E. According to these results the more amino-terminal conserved sequences of p190 have the requisites to be immunogenic in humans. 相似文献
4.
The alpha-like globin gene cluster in rabbits contains embryonic zeta-
globin genes, an adult alpha-globin gene, and theta-globin genes of
undetermined function. The basic arrangement of genes, deduced from
analysis of cloned DNA fragments, is 5'-zeta 0-zeta 1-alpha 1-theta 1- zeta
2-zeta 3-theta 2-3'. However, the pattern of restriction fragments
containing zeta- and theta-globin genes varies among individual rabbits.
Analysis of BamHI fragments of genomic DNA from 24 New Zealand white
rabbits revealed eight different patterns of fragments containing
zeta-globin genes. The large BamHI fragments containing genes zeta 0 and
zeta 1 are polymorphic in length, whereas a 1.9-kb fragment containing the
zeta 2 gene and the 3.5-kb fragment containing the zeta 3 gene do not vary
in size. In contrast to this constancy in the size of the restriction
fragments, the copy number of the zeta 2 and zeta 3 genes does vary among
different rabbits. No length polymorphism was detected in the BamHI
fragments containing the theta-globin genes, but again the copy number
varies for restriction fragments containing the theta 2 gene. The alpha 1-
and theta 1-globin genes are located in a nonpolymorphic 7.2-kb BamHI
fragment. The combined data from hybridization with both zeta and theta
probes shows that the BamHI cleavage pattern does not vary within the
region 5'-alpha 1-theta 1- zeta 2-zeta 3-theta 2-3', but the pattern
genomic blot-hybridization patterns for the progeny of parental rabbits
with different zeta-globin gene patterns shows that the polymorphic
patterns are inherited in a Mendelian fashion. Two different haplotypes
have been mapped based on the genomic blot-hybridization data. The
variation in the alpha-like globin gene cluster in the rabbit population
results both from differences in the copy number of the duplication block
containing the zeta-zeta-theta gene set and from the presence or absence of
polymorphic BamHI sites.
相似文献
5.
Electron spin resonance and steady-state fluorescence polarization studies of lipid bilayers containing integral proteins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We derive equations that describe changes in the steady-state fluorescence polarization of the probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) or in the spectrum of electron spin resonance (ESR) nitroxide spin-labeled lipid probes as a function of the intrinsic molecule concentration in lipid bilayer membranes. We make use of an assumption used by us in an earlier paper. The equations are independent of any membrane model. They are valid when a DPH probe or a spin-labeled chain is equivalent to an unlabeled lipid hydrocarbon chain only as far as their general space-filling properties are concerned. We consider cases where the bilayer is either in a single homogeneous phase or in a two-phase region. We apply our equations to analyze ESR data from delipidated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes and from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing Ca2+-ATPase, and DPH data from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers containing Ca2+-ATPase, both for T greater than Tc. The following conclusions were derived: (i) Ca2+-ATPase oligomers are "randomly" distributed, for the concentrations studied, in the fluid phase. (ii) There is no fixed stoichiometric ratio of "boundary" lipids and oligomers. (iii) Between 24k and 28k lipid molecules are able to surround each isolated oligomer composed of k Ca2+-ATPase monomers. Finally, we apply our equations to analyze DPH studies on DPPC bilayers containing Ca2+-ATPase for T less than Tc. We find that the results reported are in accord with the predictions of the model. In the Appendix, we show that an analytical expression for probabilities used by us is in very good agreement with the results of computer simulation. 相似文献
6.
Assignment of orthologous relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes by examining flanking regions reveals a rapid rate of evolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to study the relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes, we
have determined the sequence of the 3' flanking region of the human alpha 1
globin gene and have made pairwise comparisons between sequenced
alpha-globin genes. The flanking regions were examined in detail because
sequence matches in these regions could be interpreted with the least
complication from the gene duplications and conversions that have occurred
frequently in mammalian alpha-like globin gene clusters. We found good
matches between the flanking regions of human alpha 1 and rabbit alpha 1,
human psi alpha 1 and goat I alpha, human alpha 2 and goat II alpha, and
horse alpha 1 and goat II alpha. These matches were used to align the
alpha-globin genes in gene clusters from different mammals. This alignment
shows that genes at equivalent positions in the gene clusters of different
mammals can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they
corrected against a functional alpha-globin gene in recent evolutionary
history. The number of alpha-globin genes (including pseudogenes) appears
to differ among species, although highly divergent pseudogenes may not have
been detected in all species examined. Although matching sequences could be
found in interspecies comparisons of the flanking regions of alpha- globin
genes, these matches are not as extensive as those found in the flanking
regions of mammalian beta-like globin genes. This observation suggests that
the noncoding sequences in the mammalian alpha-globin gene clusters are
evolving at a faster rate than those in the beta-like globin gene clusters.
The proposed faster rate of evolution fits with the poor conservation of
the genetic linkage map around alpha-globin gene clusters when compared to
that of the beta-like globin gene clusters. Analysis of the 3' flanking
regions of alpha-globin genes has revealed a conserved sequence
approximately 100-150 bp 3' to the polyadenylation site; this sequence may
be involved in the expression or regulation of alpha-globin genes.
相似文献
7.
A. Georgallas D. L. Hunter T. Lookman M. J. Zuckermann D. A. Pink 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》1984,11(2):79-86
We have modelled a phospholipid bilayer as two monolayer sheets which interact with each other by a coupling which depends upon the states of the lipid hydrocarbon chains in each sheet. We make use of a model (Georgallas and Pink 1982a) and its parameters, already used to study monolayer phase changes at the LC-LE transition, in order to study the lipid main transition. Although the monolayer coexistence curve can be calculated exactly, we have made use of high-temperature series expansions to calculate the critical point of the bilayer. We also present the results of computer simulations on triangular lattices for the pressure-area isotherms. We find: (i) the interaction between the sheets of a DPPC bilayer is about 1.5–2% of the maximum interaction within the plane of each sheet; (ii) the internal lateral pressure of a DPPC bilayer is about 30.5 dyne/cm; (iii) the bilayer transition enthalpy depends sensitively upon the coupling between the sheets. Should this coupling vary from sample to sample (due, possibly, to its preparation) then very different values of transition enthalpy may be measured. (iv) We present a rough rule-of-thumb for estimating the internal lateral pressure of a bilayer from a knowledge of the corresponding monolayer pressure-area isotherms.Abbreviations LC-LE
liquid condensed — liquid expanded
- DPPC
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- Q
transition enthalpy
Work supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 相似文献
8.
A simple method for the determination of radioactivity of proline and hydroxyproline, particularly of small amounts, in hydrolysates of tissues is described. Specificity is assured by eliminating primary amino acids from the hydrolysates by deamination and then extraction before separation of proline from hydroxyproline by paper chromatography. Six to eight tissue samples may be compared simultaneously. The efficiency and reproducibility are good, as indicated by the use of labeled l-proline, labeled dl-hydroxyproline, a hydrolysate of a protein in which the amino acids (and proline) were labeled, and hydrolysates of tissues cultured in media containing radioactive l-proline. The method is particularly useful when ion-exchange column chromatography of amino acids is not in routine use. 相似文献
9.
Thickness and elasticity of gram-negative murein sacculi measured by atomic force microscopy
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of bacteriology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the thickness of air-dried, collapsed murein sacculi from Escherichia coli K-12 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Air-dried sacculi from E. coli had a thickness of 3.0 nm, whereas those from P. aeruginosa were 1.5 nm thick. When rehydrated, the sacculi of both bacteria swelled to double their anhydrous thickness. Computer simulation of a section of a model single-layer peptidoglycan network in an aqueous solution with a Debye shielding length of 0.3 nm gave a mass distribution full width at half height of 2.4 nm, in essential agreement with these results. When E. coli sacculi were suspended over a narrow groove that had been etched into a silicon surface and the tip of the atomic force microscope used to depress and stretch the peptidoglycan, an elastic modulus of 2.5 x 10(7) N/m(2) was determined for hydrated sacculi; they were perfectly elastic, springing back to their original position when the tip was removed. Dried sacculi were more rigid with a modulus of 3 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(8) N/m(2) and at times could be broken by the atomic force microscope tip. Sacculi aligned over the groove with their long axis at right angles to the channel axis were more deformable than those with their long axis parallel to the groove axis, as would be expected if the peptidoglycan strands in the sacculus were oriented at right angles to the long cell axis of this gram-negative rod. Polar caps were not found to be more rigid structures but collapsed to the same thickness as the cylindrical portions of the sacculi. The elasticity of intact E. coli sacculi is such that, if the peptidoglycan strands are aligned in unison, the interstrand spacing should increase by 12% with every 1 atm increase in (turgor) pressure. Assuming an unstressed hydrated interstrand spacing of 1.3 nm (R. E. Burge, A. G. Fowler, and D. A. Reaveley, J. Mol. Biol. 117:927-953, 1977) and an internal turgor pressure of 3 to 5 atm (or 304 to 507 kPa) (A. L. Koch, Adv. Microbial Physiol. 24:301-366, 1983), the natural interstrand spacing in cells would be 1.6 to 2.0 nm. Clearly, if large macromolecules of a diameter greater than these spacings are secreted through this layer, the local ordering of the peptidoglycan must somehow be disrupted. 相似文献
10.
These studies were carried out to examine the capacity of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) to modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in cells of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck. Exposure of cells to DFMO (5 mM for 48 h) depleted intracellular putrescine and spermidine levels (greater than 5-fold) and inhibited proliferation of the cells without manifestation of cytotoxicity as measured by a clonogenic assay. Exposure of the cells to DFMO did not influence the survival response after exposure to single-dose radiation between 0 and 10 Gy. Treatment of polyamine-depleted cells with 200 nM staurosporine amplified apoptosis 65% (1.65-fold) over that in controls, as determined by flow cytometry. The increased apoptosis after DFMO treatment was effectively inhibited by the addition of 1 mM putrescine or spermidine. Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) illustrated that the staurosporine treatment induced apoptosis in the cells within 6 h. Analysis of PARP cleavage indicated that treatment with DFMO accelerated the kinetics of progression of apoptosis but did not influence the sensitivity of cells to 10 nM-1 microM staurosporine. These data suggest an involvement of endogenous polyamines in modulation of proliferation kinetics and apoptosis in human SCCs and suggest opportunities to explore new therapeutic strategies in head and neck cancer patients to be treated with radiation therapy. 相似文献