A study of the influence of the growth media on the fatty acid composition inCandida lipolytica diddens and lodder

Candida lipolytica YB 423-12 is able to incorporate fatty acid from the culture medium when lipids are used as carbon substrate. The composition of cell lipids is largely dependent on that of the culture medium. An important 9 desaturase activity acts on incorporated palmitic and stearic acids; and 11-eicosenoic and erucic acids are shortened to oleic acid.     

Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati obtained by protoplast fusion

To obtain strains that are able to efficiently produce ethanol from different carbohydrates, mainly cellulose hydrolysates, several species of the genus Candida and a Zygosaccharomyces fermentati strain were examined for their ability to utilize cellobiose and produce ethanol, as well as for their thermotolerance and the possibility of genetic manipulation. Candida obtusa and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati tolerated the maximal temperature for growth, possessed the highest cellobiase activity, and offered the possibility of genetic manipulation, although neither of them proved to be a good producer of ethanol. Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Z. fermentati were obtained after protoplast fusion. They were selected as prototrophic strains, after isolation of auxotrophic mutants from Z. fermentati and fusion with an S. cerevisiae strain which was also auxotrophic. The hybrids, which appeared at a frequency of 2 X 10(-7), presented characteristics of both parents, such as resistance to certain drugs and the ability to grow with either cellobiose or lactic acid as the sole carbon source; they were very stable, even under nonselective conditions. These hybrids may have important industrial applications as good fermenting strains.     

Purification and properties of the lipases from Rhodotorula pilimanae Hedrick and Burke

Summary The Rhodotorula pilimanae CBS 5804 strain secretes into the culture medium two lipases: their pH optima are 4 and 7. The two lipases were purified by precipitation with acetone followed by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C50 and Sephadex G200. The purification factors achieved in comparison with the supernatant culture were x74 for lipase I and x90 for lipase II. The molecular weights were estimated at 172,800 and 21,400 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. Their activities are optimal between 45°C and 55°C. The activation energies were 5.9 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase I and 12.4 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase II. The inactivation energies were about 21.9 and 17.7 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. The enzymes are slightly inhibited by Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mn²⁺, N-acetylacetone, acetic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate. EDTA did not affect their enzymatic activity. These two lipases are secreted in the culture media in the absence of inducer; their biosynthesis is not inhibited by glucose. These lipases hydrolyse primarily the 1-(or 3-)position of all triglycerides tested.     

Biocatalyzed octylglycoside synthesis from a disaccharide

By bringing lactose into contact with octanol in the presence of -galactosidase and almond meal with a -glucosidase activity, it is possible to simultaneously synthesize the octylglycosides corresponding to the two hexoses of the disaccharide. The reaction is optimized using an experimental plan.     

MICROHETEROGENEITY OF BRAIN CYTOPLASMIC AND SYNAPTOPLASMIC ACTINS

Abstract— Actin present in whole rat brain cytoplasm and in synaptosomes was purified by DNase I affinity chromatography. By use of two-dimensional gels and one-dimensional isoelectric focusing gels, brain actin was shown to be composed of two isomeric forms. By comparison with muscle actins, brain actins were identified as the β and γ isomers. Muscle type α actin is not present in brain. Synaptosomal protein with high affinity for DNase I is primarily composed of β and γ actin, however, two minor synaptosomal proteins, S₁ and S₂, with similar DNase I affinity were also isolated. S₁1 and S₂ have the same apparent molecular weight as whole brain actin, are more acidic than the major actin forms and are distinct from a actin. Relative to β and γ actin, the content of S₁ and S₂ is 3-fOld greater in synaptosomes when compared to similar non-synaptosomal species. The results demonstrate heterogeneity of brain actins and compartmentalization of brain proteins with high affinity for DNase I at the synapse. It was also shown that tubulin has selective affinity for the DNase I-actin complex.     

Comparative in vitro responses of fetal, pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits' adrenal glands to steroidogenic agents

The in vitro secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone by the adrenal glands of fetal (day 30), pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits was examined under basal and stimulated conditions. In general, non-pregnant animals basally secreted less aldosterone than either pregnant or fetal rabbits, whereas basal corticosterone secretion by pregnant animals exceeded that of either fetal or non-pregnant animals. At similar doses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), fetal and pregnant adrenal glands produced comparatively more aldosterone than non-pregnant animals, while corticosterone secretion was accelerated to a greater degree in fetal rabbits than in the other groups. Angiotensin II had its greatest effect on the aldosterone secretory rates of fetal and non-pregnant animals without affecting corticosterone secretion in any group. Elevated potassium (K+) enhanced the secretory rates of aldosterone and corticosterone in fetal animals, while increasing only aldosterone secretion in non-pregnant rabbits. Serotonin accelerated aldosterone secretion in all animals, whereas it increased corticosterone secretion only in non-pregnant animals. These results suggest that (1) in fetal rabbits, the secretory rates of both aldosterone and corticosterone are regulated primarily by ACTH and to a much lesser extent by angiotensin II and K+, (2) the corticosterone secretory rates of pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits are controlled mainly by ACTH, and (3) aldosterone secretion by non-pregnant animals is regulated primarily by angiotensin II and secondarily by ACTH and K+, while in pregnant animals ACTH may be the primary regulator of aldosterone secretion as it is in the fetus.     

Morphological study on the human anterior cardiac veins, venae cordis anteriores.

The way in which the anterior cardiac veins end in the right atrium is very inconstant; separate opening is very rare and course and situation also changes a lot. We found the vein of Galen in about 90.59% of the cases and its ending differs from the usual. We found the anterior ventricular veins in about 91.45% of the cases; there is only one such vein in 57.00% of the cases, two in 33.64% and three in 9.34%; their origin and opening vary greatly. We saw the vein of Cruveilher in 68.37% of the cases, a lower percentage than that found by other authors. It also differs in its origin, course and opening. The vein of Zuckerkandl was found in 47.00% of the cases, lesser percentage than that found by other authors. The common canal is very important and very frequent in our cases. It opens into the right atrium by one orifice in 27.68% of the cases, by two in 63.93% and by three in 8.19%.     

Use of brevibacterium sp 19-derived amidase for the synthesis of hydroxamic fatty acids

Summary Oleylhydroxamic acid (Oleyl HA) was produced by acylation of neutralized hydroxylamine with oleic acid in buffered or in solvent media using the broad-spectrum amidase activity ofBrevibacterium (BB) sp 19 cells.