Optimising long‐term monitoring projects for species distribution modelling: how atlas data may help

Long‐term biodiversity monitoring data are mainly used to estimate changes in species occupancy or abundance over time, but they may also be incorporated into predictive models to document species distributions in space. Although changes in occupancy or abundance may be estimated from a relatively limited number of sampling units, small sample size may lead to inaccurate spatial models and maps of predicted species distributions. We provide a methodological approach to estimate the minimum sample size needed in monitoring projects to produce accurate species distribution models and maps. The method assumes that monitoring data are not yet available when sampling strategies are to be designed and is based on external distribution data from atlas projects. Atlas data are typically collected in a large number of sampling units during a restricted timeframe and are often similar in nature to the information gathered from long‐term monitoring projects. The large number of sampling units in atlas projects makes it possible to simulate a broad gradient of sample sizes in monitoring data and to examine how the number of sampling units influences the accuracy of the models. We apply the method to several bird species using data from a regional breeding bird atlas. We explore the effect of prevalence, range size and habitat specialization of the species on the sample size needed to generate accurate models. Model accuracy is sensitive to particularly small sample sizes and levels off beyond a sufficiently large number of sampling units that varies among species depending mainly on their prevalence. The integration of spatial modelling techniques into monitoring projects is a cost‐effective approach as it offers the possibility to estimate the dynamics of species distributions in space and over time. We believe our innovative method will help in the sampling design of future monitoring projects aiming to achieve such integration.     

Pretreatment with Resveratrol Prevents Neuronal Injury and Cognitive Deficits Induced by Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats

Despite advances in neonatal care, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is still a serious clinical problem, which is responsible for many cases of perinatal mortality, cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with important anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is present in grapevines, peanuts and pomegranates. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of resveratrol when administered before or immediately after a hypoxic-ischemic brain event in neonatal rats by analyzing brain damage, the mitochondrial status and long-term cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that pretreatment with resveratrol protects against brain damage, reducing infarct volume, preserving myelination and minimizing the astroglial reactive response. Moreover its neuroprotective effect was found to be long lasting, as behavioral outcomes were significantly improved at adulthood. We speculate that one of the mechanisms for this neuroprotection may be related to the maintenance of the mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and potential, and to the reduction of reactive oxygen species. Curiously, none of these protective features was observed when resveratrol was administered immediately after hypoxia-ischemia.     

Molecular genetics of the transcription factor GLIS3 identifies its dual function in beta cells and neurons

The GLIS family zinc finger 3 isoform (GLIS3) is a risk gene for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease endophenotype. We identified GLIS3 binding sites in insulin secreting cells (INS1) (FDR q < 0.05; enrichment range 1.40–9.11 fold) sharing the motif wrGTTCCCArTAGs, which were enriched in genes involved in neuronal function and autophagy and in risk genes for metabolic and neuro-behavioural diseases. We confirmed experimentally Glis3-mediated regulation of the expression of genes involved in autophagy and neuron function in INS1 and neuronal PC12 cells. Naturally-occurring coding polymorphisms in Glis3 in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes were associated with increased insulin production in vitro and in vivo, suggestive alteration of autophagy in PC12 and INS1 and abnormal neurogenesis in hippocampus neurons. Our results support biological pleiotropy of GLIS3 in pathologies affecting β-cells and neurons and underline the existence of trans?nosology pathways in diabetes and its co-morbidities.     

Corneal Dystrophy Mutations Drive Pathogenesis by Targeting TGFBIp Stability and Solubility in a Latent Amyloid-forming Domain

Numerous mutations in the corneal protein TGFBIp lead to opaque extracellular deposits and corneal dystrophies (CDs). Here we elucidate the molecular origins underlying TGFBIp's mutation-induced increase in aggregation propensity through comprehensive biophysical and bioinformatic analyses of mutations associated with every major subtype of TGFBIp-linked CDs including lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) and three subtypes of granular corneal dystrophy (GCD 1–3). LCD mutations at buried positions in the C-terminal Fas1–4 domain lead to decreased stability. GCD variants show biophysical profiles distinct from those of LCD mutations. GCD 1 and 3 mutations reduce solubility rather than stability. Half of the 50 positions within Fas1–4 most sensitive to mutation are associated with at least one known disease-causing mutation, including 10 of the top 11 positions. Thus, TGFBIp aggregation is driven by mutations that despite their physico-chemical diversity target either the stability or solubility of Fas1–4 in predictable ways, suggesting straightforward general therapeutic strategies.     

Inorganic nitrogen assimilation in the non-N2-fixing cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum. II. Effect of the nitrogen source on the nitrite reductase levels

The effect of different inorganic nitrogen sources on the cellular levels of nitrite reductase (NiR. EC 1.7.7.1) activity has been studied in the filamentous non-N₂-fixing cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum (strain OH-1-p.Cl,). Nitrate-grown cells gave the highest NiR in cell-free extracts [ca 165 nmol of nitrite reduced (mg protein)-1 min-], whereas no activity could be detected in extracts from ammonium-grown cells. The in vivo effect of ammonium on NiR was similar to that exerted by chloramphenicol, suggesting that de novo synthesis of protein was probably repressed by this ion. When ammonium was removed from the culture medium, a rapid increase of de novo synthetized NiR occurred, and the appearance of the enzyme was slightly stimulated by the presence in the medium of either nitrate or nitrite. However, remarkably high levels of NiR [around 1.2 μmol of nitrite reduced (mg protein) ⁻¹min⁻¹] could be routinely measured in nitrogen-deficient cells, indicating that the enzyme was ammonium-repressible rather than nitrate- or nitrite-inducible.     

A Human Anti-M2 Antibody Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Cytokine Secretion by Resting and Cytokine-Preactivated Natural Killer (NK) Cells

The highly conserved matrix protein 2 (M2) is a good candidate for the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine that induces long-lasting immunity. In animal models, natural killer (NK) cells have been proposed to play an important role in the protection provided by M2-based vaccines through a mechanism of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We investigated the ability of the human anti-M2 Ab1-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to activate human NK cells. They mediated ADCC against M2-expressing cells in the presence of Ab1-10 mAb. Furthermore, NK cell pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion is also enhanced when Ab1-10 mAb is present. We also generated cytokine-preactivated NK cells and showed that they still displayed increased effector functions in the presence of Ab1-10 mAb. Thus, our study has demonstrated that human resting and cytokine-preactivated NK cells may have a very important role in the protection provided by anti-M2 Abs.