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Policies,Political-Economy,and Swidden in Southeast Asia 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Fox Jefferson Fujita Yayoi Ngidang Dimbab Peluso Nancy Potter Lesley Sakuntaladewi Niken Sturgeon Janet Thomas David 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(3):305-322
For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems
are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning
of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment
in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent
nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners’ everyday lives to a degree
that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed
to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna),
Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states,
dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation,
resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure
and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods
and expanding urban-labor markets.
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