Genetic polymorphism of human serum ribonuclease I (RNase I).

One of the human urinary ribonucleases (RNases) was isolated and purified to homogeneity (SDS-PAGE) by means of a series of column chromatographies. The enzyme, designated RNase 1, is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 16,000. Rabbit antibody to the purified RNase 1 reacted with human urine and sera, as well as with the purified RNase 1. The genetic polymorphism of serum RNase 1 was studied by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF-PAGE) in a pH range of 5-8, followed by immunoblotting with antisera specific for RNase 1. Two common phenotypes, RNASE1 1 and RNASE1 1-2, were easily recognized. The homogeneous phenotype, RNASE1 1, consisted of four major bands with different pI values, and the heterogeneous phenotype, RNASE1 1-2, was presumed to represent a mixture of each of the homogeneous phenotypes 1 and 2; however, the other homogeneous phenotype, RNASE1 2, was not detected in our samples. Family studies are in agreement with an autosomal codominant transmission of the two alleles. Population studies indicate that the frequencies of the RNASE 1 and RNASE1 2 alleles are .988 and .012, respectively.     

Effect of free Mg2+ on liver phosphorylase kinase activity

When pig liver phosphorylase kinase was assayed at various concentrations of Mg2+, about 2-fold stimulation was observed around 2-3 mM Mg2+ (Mg2+/ATP ratio, 20-30) compared with the activity at 0.3 mM Mg2+ (Mg2+/ATP ratio, 3). This stimulation was specific for Mg2+ among the divalent cations tested and the process was reversible. Km values for ATP and phosphorylase b were decreased 3.6- and 9.5-fold, respectively, at 3 mM Mg2+ compared with those obtained at 0.3 mM Mg2+. These results indicate that the activity of liver phosphorylase kinase is influenced by free Mg2+.     

A new type of glycogen storage disease caused by deficiency of cardiac phosphorylase kinase

A five-month-old Japanese boy was found to have marked glycogen accumulation only in the heart. A survey of enzymes revealed normal activities of phosphorylase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, acid maltase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase. However, the heart had capacity of activating neither rabbit muscle phosphorylase b nor endogenous phosphorylase b, which was converted to active form only when supplemented rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase. In contrast to the heart, activities of phosphorylase kinase were found within normal levels in other organ tissues so far tested. These findings indicate that the present case of the cardiac glycogenosis is caused by deficiency of cardiac phosphorylase kinase.     

Sucralfate protection of gastric mucosa against alcohol-induced injury: a phosphoinositide mediated process

The mechanism of protection by sucralfate against gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol was investigated. The experiments in vivo were conducted with groups of rats with and without indomethacin pretreatment, and the animals received sucralfate followed by ethanol. In the in vitro experiments, gastric mucosa was cultured in the presence of sucralfate, ethanol, or both. The in vivo experiments revealed that ethanol caused extensive gastric hemorrhagic lesions which were significantly reduced following sucralfate pretreatment and that this effect of sucralfate was not prevented by indomethacin. The data with gastric mucosal culture demonstrated that ethanol caused a 24% decrease in mucin synthesis, while mucin synthesis in the presence of sucralfate increased by 32%. This increase was accompanied by the enhanced metabolism of mucosal phosphoinositides, as reflected by a 22% decrease in PI, 1,2-fold increase in IP1 and 3.4-fold increase in IP3. In contrast, ethanol, caused 1.5-fold increase in IP1 and PIP2, and 35% decrease in PIP, 47% decrease in IP2 and 38% decrease in IP3. However, when the mucosal culture was carried out in the presence of both sucralfate and ethanol, the detrimental changes evoked by ethanol in mucin synthesis were prevented. The results suggest that the mucosal protective action of sucralfate involves the metabolism of phosphoinositide-derived messenger molecules.     

The giant panda is closer to a bear,judged by α- and β-hemoglobin sequences

Summary Using - and -hemoglobin sequences, we made a maximum likelihood inference as to the phylogenetic relationship among carnivores, including the two pandas, giant and lesser. Molecular phylogenetic studies up to 1985 had consistently indicated that the giant panda is more closely related to the bear than to the lesser panda. In 1986, however, a contradictory tree was constructed, using hemoglobins and so on, in which the two pandas link together (Tagle et al. 1986). In contrast to that tree, our conclusion supports the close relationship between bear and giant panda. The surface impression of a close relationship between the two pandas drawn from pairwise amino acid differences is explained by a rapid rate of hemoglobin evolution in the bear compared to that in the two pandas.Offprint requests to: T. Hashimoto     

Assignment of disulphide bonds in synthetic endothelin-1 isomers by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a 21-residue vasoconstrictor peptide possessing four cysteinyl residues at positions 1, 3, 11 and 15, was synthesized by random oxidation of a tetrahydro-ET-1. On reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, crude product was shown to be a mixture of two disulphide isomers. A method was developed to determine the disulphide structure of the isomers. The method consisted of (a) limited digestion with chymotrypsin, (b) cleavage with cyanogen bromide and (c) manual Edman degradation. Through this procedure, each isomer afforded specific fragments containing a single disulphide bond, which were identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Isomer 1, the minor component, afforded a fragment containing Cys 3 and Cys 15, and isomer 2, the major component, afforded fragments containing Cys 3 and Cys 11. Since little disulphide exchange was observed, it could be concluded clearly that the disulphide bond pairs in isomer 1 were Cys 1-Cys 11 and Cys 3-Cys 15, while those in isomer 2 were Cys 1-Cys 15 and Cys 3-Cys 11 (the same as natural ET-1). The procedure was successfully applied to two synthetic analogues, [Gly18]-ET-1 and [Pro16]-ET-1.     

An activated S6 kinase in regenerating rat liver

S6 kinase activity was increased in the regenerating liver 5 h after partial hepatectomy compared with sham-operated liver. The protein kinase activity was eluted from DE-52 column at approximately 250 mM NaCl and was not affected by known regulators of protein kinases. The S6 kinase was further purified by chromatography on peptide R1A13-Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-150. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 4.5 X 10(4) by gel filtration. The enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of whole histone, mainly H2B histone, at 75 mM Mg2+. These properties are similar to those of a proteolytically modified Ca2+/phospholipid-independent form of protein kinase C.     

Second family case of duplication of the 1F and 1A2 genes in the vitamin D-binding protein (GC) system

A new variation in the group-specific component (GC) system, which was presumed to have arisen from duplication of the GC IF and GC 1A2 genes, was previously reported from our laboratory. Through a genetic survey of a Japanese population, a second example of the same variation was found in a family.     

Assembly of cortical microtubules during cold treatment of the coenocytic green alga,Chaetomorpha moniligera

The effects of cold treatment on the cortical microtubules (MTs) of Chaetomorpha moniligera Kjellman were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cortical MTs in Chaetomorpha thallus are arranged longitudinally. In this study, 70–75% of MTs disassembled within 4 h on ice while the others remained stable under these conditions. Reticulate background immunofluorescence, assumed to indicate the presence of a tubulin monomer, was distributed about the stable MTs. Immunofluorescence was prominent in only 50% of the cells. Tubulin polymerization was noted where the background and MT immunofluorescence was strong. New MTs grew transversely as single strings or clusters from the sides of MTs after cold treatment for 4 h and elongated with time to take on a reticulate form at 24 h. The significance of this tubulin polymerization under cold treatment is discussed.Abbreviations MT microtubule - MTOC microtubule-organizing center     

Evidence for the Regulation of the Shift in Cellulose Microfibril Orientation in Freeze-Fractured Plasma Membrane of Boergesenia forbesii

Morphological evidence regarding the regulation of the directionof movement of the cellulose-synthesizing complexes in Boergeseniawas obtained by observing the distribution of intramembranousparticles (IMPS) around the complexes. In complexes with straightconfigurations, the distribution of IMPS on both sides of thecomplexes was almost equal. In complexes characterized by acurved configuration, however, the IMPS density was greaterin the outer half-circle of the curve. Some particles on thisside were attached to or intruded into the complex, and theirsizes were no different from those of the IMPS on the fracturedplane. These results indicate that the distribution and orientationof the particles in relation to the complex have been affectedby membrane fluidity and, that membrane fluidity might playa key role in determining the regulation of the direction ofmovement of the complex. (Received July 16, 1984; Accepted October 12, 1984)