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1.
Substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the lower labial mucosa of the mouse by using the whole-mount technique. The density and design of subepithelial nerve plexuses containing SP differed depending on portions of the lower labial mucosa. 相似文献
2.
Akimasa Nakamura Masahiko Akai Emi Yoshida Takashi Taki Tadashi Watanabe 《European journal of biochemistry》2003,270(11):2446-2458
Chlorophyll (Chl) a', the C132-epimer of Chl a, is a constituent of the primary electron donor (P700) of Photosystem (PS) I of a thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus (Thermosynechococcus) elongatus, as was recently demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. To determine whether PS I of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms universally contains one molecule of Chl a', pigment compositions of thylakoid membranes and PS I complexes isolated from the cyanobacteria T. elongatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the green plant spinach, were examined by simultaneous detection of phylloquinone (the secondary electron acceptor of PS I) and Chl a' by reversed-phase HPLC. The results were compared with the Chl a/P700 ratio determined spectrophotometrically. The Chl a'/PS I ratios of thylakoid membranes and PS I were about 1 for all the organisms examined, and one Chl a' molecule was found in PS I even after most of the peripheral subunits were removed. Chl a' showed a characteristic extraction behaviour significantly different from the bulk Chl a in acetone/methanol extraction upon varying the mixing ratio. These findings confirm that a single Chl a' molecule in P700 is the universal feature of PS I of the Chl a-based oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. 相似文献
3.
Mutants of Saccharomyces cereviaiae showing defects in cytochrome oxidase, coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase, and rutamycin-sensitive ATPase are described. The mutations have been established to be nuclear, based on complementation with a cytoplasmic petite tester strain and 2:2 segregation of tetrads. Genetic analysis indicate the coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase mutants fall into 9 and 10 different complementation groups, respectively. The mutants also form distinct classes based on absorption spectra of the mitochondrial cytochromes. Two of the ATPase mutants lack detectable F1 ATPase, while the third synthesizes F1 but does not integrate it into a membrane complex. The latter mutant is missing one of the mitochondrially synthesized subunits of the rutamycin-sensitive ATPase complex. 相似文献
4.
Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: isolation of nuclear and cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with specific defects in mitochondrial functions. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
A selection procedure is described which permits a large number of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants to be screened for specific lesions in mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and the adenosine triphosphatase. The method has been used to isolate nuclear mutant strains with specific lesions in coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, and adenosine triphosphatase. In addition, two cytoplasmic mutants have been found whose primary defect is in cytochrome oxidase, and others have been found that show variable degrees of abnormalities in their mitochondrial translation products. 相似文献
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6.
Effect of electrical stimulation on musculoskeletal systems; a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study was a meta-analysis to examine whether electrical stimulation has specific effects in the healing of musculoskeletal repair process and in the diminution of symptoms with bone and joint disorders. Using MEDLINE (1966-1999) and EMBASE (1985-1999) a search for articles was carried out with four medical subject headings. Data were extracted from all the accessed articles and additionally collected from appropriate journal lists. A total of 20 randomized controlled trials on bones was identified which assessed healing of fractures, bone graft, and other conditions; and 29 randomized controlled trials on soft tissues and joints were also found, dealing with healing of skin wounds or dermal ulcers, soft tissue injury, and other conditions. Using criteria through which the quality of studies was assessed, the content of the articles was reorganized into a tabular form. The majority of the identified articles reported positive findings, but all the trials showed methodological flaws to some extent. Because of heterogeneity of the studies and the various outcome measurements, pooling of only part of the data was performed. The combined results of 12 trials on bones and 16 trials on soft tissues, the cases in which major endpoints were mainly union or healing rate, revealed statistically significant effects. The studies in this review had some methodological limitations, and the selected pooled trials do not constitute acceptable proof that electrical stimulation has specific effects on health. However, one cannot ignore the statistically significant positive findings reported in the trials, from which extracted data were able to be combined. 相似文献
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8.
Tsuyoshi Tsukada Eriko Simamura Hiroki Shimada Takuma Arai Nobuaki Higashi Takuya Akai Hideaki Iizuka Toshihisa Hatta 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
Recent studies in rodents suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) by viral infection is associated with schizophrenia and autism in offspring. Although maternal IL-6 is though t to be a possible mediator relating MIA induced these neuropsychiatric disorders, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Previously, we reported that the maternal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)–placental ACTH–fetal LIF signaling relay pathway (maternal–fetal LIF signal relay) promotes neurogenesis of fetal cerebrum in rats. Here we report that the maternal–fetal LIF signal relay in mice is suppressed by injection of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid into dams, which induces MIA at 12.5 days post-coitum. Maternal IL-6 levels and gene expression of placental suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3) increased according to the severity of MIA and gene expression of placental Socs3 correlated with maternal IL-6 levels. Furthermore, we show that MIA causes reduction of LIF level in the fetal cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in the decreased neurogenesis in the cerebrum. These findings suggest that maternal IL-6 interferes the maternal–fetal LIF signal relay by inducing SOCS3 in the placenta and leads to decreased neurogenesis. 相似文献
9.
Hiroki Obata Noritaka Kawashima Masami Akai Kimitaka Nakazawa Tatsuyuki Ohtsuki 《Journal of electromyography and kinesiology》2010,20(1):55-60
The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of aging on the stretch reflex in the ankle muscles, and in particular to compare the effects on the ankle dorsi-flexor (tibialis anterior: TA) and the plantar-flexor (soleus: SOL). Stretch reflex responses were elicited in the TA and SOL at rest and during weak voluntary contractions in 20 elderly and 23 young volunteers. The results indicated that, in the TA muscle, the elderly group had a remarkably larger long-latency reflex (LLR), whereas no aging effect was found in the short latency reflex (SLR). These results were very different from those in the SOL muscle, which showed significant aging effects in the SLR and medium latency reflex (MLR), but not in the LLR. Given the fact that the LLR of the TA stretch reflex includes the cortical pathway, it is probable that the effects of aging on the TA stretch reflex involve alterations not only at the spinal level but also at the cortical level. The present results indicate that the stretch reflexes of each of the ankle antagonistic muscles are affected differently by aging, which might have relevance to the neural properties of each muscle. 相似文献
10.
Karahara I Umemura K Soga Y Akai Y Bando T Ito Y Tamaoki D Uesugi K Abe J Yamauchi D Mineyuki Y 《Annals of botany》2012,110(2):503-509