Fallopian Tube Prolapse after Hysterectomy: A Systematic Review

Background

Prolapse of the fallopian tube into the vaginal vault is a rarely reported complication that may occur after hysterectomy. Clinicians can miss the diagnosis of this disregarded complication when dealing with post-hysterectomy vaginal bleeding.

Objectives

We performed a systematic review in order to describe the clinical presentation, therapeutic management and outcome of fallopian tube prolapse occurring after hysterectomy.

Search Strategy

A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE references from January 1980 to December 2010 was performed. We included articles that reported cases of fallopian tube prolapse after hysterectomy. Data from eligible studies were independently extracted onto standardized forms by two reviewers.

Results

Twenty-eight articles including 51 cases of fallopian tube prolapse after hysterectomy were included in this systematic review. Clinical presentations included abdominal pain, dyspareunia, post- coital bleeding, and/or vaginal discharge. Two cases were asymptomatic and diagnosed at routine checkup. The surgical management reported comprised partial or total salpingectomy, with vaginal repair in some cases combined with oophorectomy using different approaches (vaginal approach, combined vaginal-laparoscopic approach, laparoscopic approach, or laparotomy). Six patients were initially treated by silver nitrate application without success.

Conclusions

This systematic review provided a precise summary of the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients presenting with fallopian tube prolapse following hysterectomy published in the past 30 years. We anticipate that these results will help inform current investigations and treatment.     

Differentiation of Fanconi anemia and aplastic anemia using mitomycin C test in Tunisia

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive chromosomal instability syndrome that is clinically characterized by multiple symptoms. Chromosome breakage hypersensitivity to alkylating agents is the gold standard test for FA diagnosis. In this study, we provide a detailed laboratory protocol for accurate assessment of FA diagnosis based on mitomycin C (MMC) test. Induced chromosomal breakage study was successful in 171 out of 205 aplastic anemia (AA) patients. According to the sensitivity of MMC at 50 ng/ml, 38 patients (22.22%) were diagnosed as affected and 132 patients (77.17%) as unaffected. Somatic mosaicism was suspected in an 11-year-old patient with a FA phenotype. Twenty-six siblings of FA patients were also evaluated and five of them (19.23%) were diagnosed as FA. From this study, a standard protocol for diagnosis of FA was developed. It is routinely used as a diagnostic test of FA in Tunisia.     

Changes in Membrane Fatty Acid Composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Response to UV-C Radiations

The changes in lipid composition enable the micro-organisms to maintain membrane functions in the face of environmental fluctuations. The relationship between membrane fatty acid composition and UV-C stress was determined for mid-exponential phase and stationary phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The total lipids were obtained by dichloromethane/methanol (3:1) and were quantified by GC. The TLC analysis of phospholipids showed the presence of three major fractions phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. Significant modifications, as manifested by an increase of UFA, were obtained. Interestingly, this microorganism showed a remarkable capacity for recovery from the stressful effects of UV-C.     

Nutrient uptake and management under saline conditions in the xerohalophyte: Tecticornia indica (Willd.) subsp. indica

In the present investigation, we studied uptake and management of the major cations in the xerohalophyte, Tecticornia indica (Willd.) subsp. indica as subjected to salinity. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions at various salinity levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 mM NaCl) over 110 days. At harvest, they were separated into shoots and roots then analyzed for water contents, dry weights (DW), and Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents. Plants showed a growth optimum at 200 mM NaCl and much better tissue hydration under saline than non-saline conditions. At this salt concentration (200 mM NaCl), shoot Na+ content reached its highest value (7.9 mmol · g-?1 DW). In spite of such stressful conditions, salt-treated plants maintained adequate K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ status even under severe saline conditions. This was mainly due to their aptitude to selectively acquire these essential cations and efficiently use them for biomass production.     

Comparative phenology and growth of four Cenchrus ciliaris L. accessions established under arid bioclimate in Tunisia

A phenological study is one of the first steps in understanding the function of ecosystems. This is because phenological events reflect the way in which the species exploit the so‐called favourable periods in order to gain carbon and to allocate photosynthetic products for growth and reproduction. The objective of the present work was to examine the phenology of reproduction and the above‐ground growth of several Cenchrus ciliaris accessions, growing under the arid bioclimate in Tunisia. These accessions collected in the south of Tunisia are: Bou Hedma (P1), Tozeur (P2), Raas Jedir (P3) and Sidi Toui (P4). It was demonstrated that an important phenological variability exists within the different accessions studied. The statistical analysis (correlation and principal component analysis) showed that the accession from Bou Hedma (P1) was the most precocious and vigorous one.     

The impact of the Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant on the midgut histology of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and determination of its putative receptor

SPB1 is a Bacillus subtilis strain producing a lipopeptide biosurfactant. The insecticidal activity of this biosurfactant was evaluated against the Egyptian cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis). It displayed toxicity with an LC(50) of 251 ng/cm(2). The histopathological changes occurred in the larval midgut of S. littoralis treated with B. subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant were vesicle formation in the apical region, cellular vacuolization and destruction of epithelial cells and their boundaries. Ligand-blotting experiments with S. littoralis brush border membrane vesicles showed binding of SPB1 biosurfactant to a protein of 45 kDa corresponding to its putative receptor. The latter differs in molecular size from those recognized by Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3A and Cry1C toxins, commonly known by their activity against S. littoralis. This result wires the application of B. subtilis biosurfactant for effective control of S. littoralis larvae, particularly in the cases where S. littoralis will develop resistance against B. thuringiensis toxins.     

Micropropagation protocol for Antigonon leptopus an important ornamental and medicinal plant

The effect of some factors on in vitro consecutive micropropagation behavior of Antigonon leptopus was examined including those of culture establishment, shootlets multiplication, rooting and acclimatization stages. The highest percent of aseptic cultures and survival of explants (100%) were obtained as a result of using Clorox 10% for 3?min followed by MC 0.1% for 2?min while, using each of them individually (Clorox 20% or MC 0.1%) for 5?min caused the highest percent of shoot formation. During the multiplication stage, the highest percent of shoot formation was reached to 100% with repeating culture of explants (two times) on MS medium supplemented with 2ip at 1.0 and IBA at 0.2?mg/l. The highest numbers of shootlets/explant were obtained when 2.0?mg/l of BAP or 0.5?mg/l BA?+?0.2?mg/l of IBA were added to MS culture medium. Culturing the explants on MS medium supplemented with 2ip at 0.5 or 1.0?mg/l each combined with 0.2?mg/l of IBA showed the longest shootlets. Reducing the strength of culture media to ½ or ¾ had promotion effect on rooting formation of shootlets. The best results of plant acclimatization (survival percent, plant height and root length) were obtained by using sand or peat moss soil. The amplified DNA fragments using B7, B9 and C19 primers for mother and micropropagated plants showed that the produced pattern by primer B7 had a maximum number of 10 bands of DNA fragments with molecular size ranging between 1025.57 and 176.36?bp, micropropagated plants showed 95.2% similarity in relation to mother plant.