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Makoto Kurokawa Kiyoaki Kuwasawa 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1988,162(4):533-541
1. | The excitatory and inhibitory influences on the gill ofAplysia Juliana, which are mediated by the branchial nerve, were studied by means of electrophysiological techniques. Excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the nerve were stimulated simultaneously or selectively. |
2. | The branchial nerve was found to contain both excitatory and inhibitory pathways which did not contain synapses in the branchial ganglion. The excitatory pathways caused longitudinal shortening of the gill along the efferent branchial vessel and the inhibitory pathways were modulatory, depressing the longitudinal shortening. |
3. | Branchial nerve stimulation elicited two types of excitatory junctional potential (EJP), which were not mediated by the branchial ganglion, in a muscle cell of the efferent branchial vessel. One type was attributed to the central motor neuron and the other type to a motor neuron which is probably situated in the neural plexus of the gill periphery. |
4. | Four inhibitory pathways from the central nervous system to the gill were found. |
5. | Inhibitory junctional potentials (IJPs) recorded from muscle cells of the efferent branchial vessel in response to branchial nerve stimulation did not have monosynaptic characteristics. It is thought that inhibitory motor neurons which were activated by the branchial nerve might exist at the neural plexus of the gill. |
6. | A single EJP which has been induced by a stimulus pulse applied to the excitatory pathway of the branchial nerve may be depressed in an all-or-none manner by a stimulus pulse applied to the inhibitory pathway, if this is done within a distinct short period prior to or after the stimulus inducing the EJP. This indicates that the central motor neuron receives presynaptic inhibition at its periphery. |
7. | The motor neurons of the neural plexus seem to receive inhibitory innervation. Suppression of endogenous EJPs in the efferent vessel persisted for a long period even after cessation of stimulation. |
8. | A certain branchioganglionic neuron (BGN) was found to receive inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) inputs from the branchial nerve. |
9. | The multimodality of both the excitatory and the inhibitory pathways in the branchial nerve may explain the compound neural modulations of gill movements. |
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Seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of adult Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Tomoo Enomoto Kiyoaki Matsubayashi Yasukazu Nagato Mayumi Nakano 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):465-472
A histological study was undertaken to clarify seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of Japanese macaques. Testicular
tissue samples were excised by biopsies from five adult laboratory-maintained males in mating and non-mating seasons. The
samples were fixed with Bouin's solution, embedded in paraffin, and stained with PAS and hematoxylin. Microscopic observations
on cross-sections of seminiferous tubules revealed that the seminiferous epithelium in the mating season was thicker than
in the non-mating season. PAS-stained granules were found in some of the dark A-type spermatogonia, which significantly increased
in the non-mating season. Spermatids of the steps preceding the appearance of the acrosomic cap in stages I to III were observed
significantly more often than those in the step coinciding with the formation of the acrosomic cap in stage IV. In stage I,
the ratio of mature spermatids or spermatozoa to immature spermatids in the mating season was higher than that in the non-mating
season. These findings suggest that spermiogenesis, as well as spermatocytogenesis, is inhibited in the non-mating season. 相似文献
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Grit,a GTPase-activating protein for the Rho family,regulates neurite extension through association with the TrkA receptor and N-Shc and CrkL/Crk adapter molecules 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6 下载免费PDF全文
Nakamura T Komiya M Sone K Hirose E Gotoh N Morii H Ohta Y Mori N 《Molecular and cellular biology》2002,22(24):8721-8734
Neurotrophins are key regulators of the fate and shape of neuronal cells and act as guidance cues for growth cones by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Actin dynamics is controlled by Rho GTPases. We identified a novel Rho GTPase-activating protein (Grit) for Rho/Rac/Cdc42 small GTPases. Grit was abundant in neuronal cells and directly interacted with TrkA, a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF). Another pool of Grit was recruited to the activated receptor tyrosine kinase through its binding to N-Shc and CrkL/Crk, adapter molecules downstream of activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Overexpression of the TrkA-binding region of Grit inhibited NGF-induced neurite elongation. Further, we found some tendency for neurite promotion in full-length Grit-overexpressing PC12 cells upon NGF stimulation. These results suggest that Grit, a novel TrkA-interacting protein, regulates neurite outgrowth by modulating the Rho family of small GTPases. 相似文献
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Kiyoaki Katahira 《Biological Sciences in Space》2004,18(3):100-101
International efforts to standardize regulations and study designs and to promote the principles of Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement (the 3 Rs) have reduced and refined animal use. In NASA ARC and KSC, researchers are responsible only for activities related directly to the conduct of their animal experiments. The IACUC plays an important role in conformity with NIH policies. Even if researchers design protocols of the space life science in Japan, the animal experiments should be carried out under the global harmonized conditions in accordance with NIH/NASA policies, guides and rules. It is important that researchers himself must look forward the ethical animal experiment. 相似文献
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Gall‐forming insects are commonly highly host‐specific, and galling species once thought to be oligo‐ or polyphagous are often found to represent a complex of host‐specific races or cryptic species. A recent DNA barcoding study documented that an unidentified species of the genus Adelges is a gall‐former associated with four spruce species (Picea bicolor, P. koyamai, P. maximowiczii, P. polita) as the primary hosts, with little genetic differentiation among insects on different host species. In this study, we investigated the morphology of this galling adelgid to determine its taxonomic identity. Morphological inspection of insects collected from three of the spruce species confirmed that this adelgid is a single galling species, and is identified as Adelges (Sacchiphantes) kitamiensis, which was previously known only from the secondary host. We described the gallicola adults of this species, as well as the first‐instar exules which are the offspring of gallicolae. Finally, we verified the taxonomic identity of this species and discuss its life cycle and host distribution. 相似文献