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Endoparasites of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Freeman AS Kinsella JM Cipolletta C Deem SL Karesh WB 《Journal of wildlife diseases》2004,40(4):775-781
A coprologic study of free-ranging western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Dzangha-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic (2 degrees 51'34'N, 16 degrees 28'03'E) was conducted from October 1999 to November 2000. All 75 fecal samples examined were positive for endoparasites, and each contained at least two species. Parasites present included two genera of amoebae, entodiniomorph ciliates, including Prototapirella gorillae, Troglodytella spp., and Gorillophilus thoracatus, a Balantidium-like organism, strongyle/trichostrongyle eggs (including a presumptive Mammomonogamus sp. and several other genera), Strongyloides sp., Probstmayria sp., a spirurid, a trichuroid, and several unidentified trematodes. Flagellates and cestodes were not found. Despite the presence of a variety of parasite genera, in general, levels of parasitism were low. These data provide baseline parasitologic data for this population as part of a comprehensive health-monitoring program. With the advent of ecotourism in this study area, continued monitoring is indicated for insuring the health of both gorillas and humans in the Bai Hokou study area. 相似文献
2.
Elizabeth C. White Jean-Thoussaint Dikangadissi Edmond Dimoto William B. Karesh Michael D. Kock Nathacha Ona Abiaga Ruth Starkey Tharcisse Ukizintambara Lee J. T. White Katharine A. Abernethy 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(4):627-645
The predicted relationship between home-range size and group mass in primates developed by Clutton-Brock and Harvey (1977) has proved extremely robust in describing the use of space by most primate species. However, mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are now known to have an extreme group mass in the wild, far larger than that of the species used originally to generate
that relationship, and so it was unknown whether this relationship would be robust for this species. We investigated the home-range
size and use of a wild horde of ca. 700 mandrills in Lopé National Park, Gabon, using radiotelemetry. The total area the horde used over a 6-yr period [100%
minimum convex polygon (MCP)] was 182 km2, including 89 km2 of suitable forest habitat. Mandrills used gallery forests and isolated forest fragments with high botanical diversity far
more intensively that the continuous forest and completely avoided savanna and marsh. Peeled polygons and fixed kernel contours
revealed multiple centres of use, with the horde spending more than half its time in <10% of the total documented range, typical
of a frugivore using a patchy environment. Home-range size and internal structure varied considerably between years, but total
home range fitted the predicted relationship between group mass and home range size, despite being an outlier to the dataset.
We discuss the conservation implications of the species’ space requirements, in light of current pressures on land use in
their range. 相似文献
3.
Blaney Davidson EN Scharstuhl A Vitters EL van der Kraan PM van den Berg WB 《Arthritis research & therapy》2005,7(6):R1338-R1347
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, mainly effecting the elderly population. The cause of OA seems to be an imbalance
in catabolic and anabolic factors that develops with age. IL-1 is a catabolic factor known to induce cartilage damage, and
transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is an anabolic factor that can counteract many IL-1-induced effects. In old mice, we
observed reduced responsiveness to TGF-beta-induced IL-1 counteraction. We investigated whether expression of TGF-beta and
its signaling molecules altered with age. To mimic the TGF-beta deprived conditions in aged mice, we assessed the functional
consequence of TGF-beta blocking. We isolated knee joints of mice aged 5 months or 2 years, half of which were exposed to
IL-1 by intra-articular injection 24 h prior to knee joint isolation. Immunohistochemistry was performed, staining for TGF-beta1,
-2 or -3, TGF-betaRI or -RII, Smad2, -3, -4, -6 and -7 and Smad-2P. The percentage of cells staining positive was determined
in tibial cartilage. To mimic the lack of TGF-beta signaling in old mice, young mice were injected with IL-1 and after 2 days
Ad-LAP (TGF-beta inhibitor) or a control virus were injected. Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis (35S-sulfate incorporation) and PG content of the cartilage were determined. Our experiments revealed that TGF-beta2 and -3 expression
decreased with age, as did the TGF-beta receptors. Although the number of cells positive for the Smad proteins was not altered,
the number of cells expressing Smad2P strongly dropped in old mice. IL-1 did not alter the expression patterns. We mimicked
the lack of TGF-beta signaling in old mice by TGF-beta inhibition with LAP. This resulted in a reduced level of PG synthesis
and aggravation of PG depletion. The limited response of old mice to TGF-beta induced-IL-1 counteraction is not due to a diminished
level of intracellular signaling molecules or an upregulation of intracellular inhibitors, but is likely due to an intrinsic
absence of sufficient TGF-beta receptor expression. Blocking TGF-beta distorted the natural repair response after IL-1 injection.
In conclusion, TGF-beta appears to play an important role in repair of cartilage and a lack of TGF-beta responsiveness in
old mice might be at the root of OA development. 相似文献
4.
Nyamsuren D Joly DO Enkhtuvshin S Odonkhuu D Olson KA Draisma M Karesh WB 《Journal of wildlife diseases》2006,42(1):154-158
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious acute viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species. During 2001, 33 serum samples were collected from Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) in the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia. Samples were tested for antibodies to seven subtypes of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV). Antibodies were detected in 67% of the animals, and serologic results indicated exposure to FMDV-O. This virus was present in domestic animal populations in Mongolia from 2000 to 2002, and it is likely that the antibodies to FMDV detected in these gazelles resulted from spillover of virus from domestic animal sources. 相似文献
5.
Martin Gilbert Losolmaa Jambal William B. Karesh Amanda Fine Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba Purevtseren Dulam Ruuragchaa Sodnomdarjaa Khuukhenbaatar Ganzorig Damdinjav Batchuluun Natsagdorj Tseveenmyadag Purevsuren Bolortuya Carol J. Cardona Connie Y. H. Leung J. S. Malik Peiris Erica Spackman David E. Swayne Damien O. Joly 《PloS one》2012,7(9)
Mongolia combines a near absence of domestic poultry, with an abundance of migratory waterbirds, to create an ideal location to study the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in a purely wild bird system. Here we present the findings of active and passive surveillance for HPAIV subtype H5N1 in Mongolia from 2005–2011, together with the results of five outbreak investigations. In total eight HPAIV outbreaks were confirmed in Mongolia during this period. Of these, one was detected during active surveillance employed by this project, three by active surveillance performed by Mongolian government agencies, and four through passive surveillance. A further three outbreaks were recorded in the neighbouring Tyva Republic of Russia on a lake that bisects the international border. No HPAIV was isolated (cultured) from 7,855 environmental fecal samples (primarily from ducks), or from 2,765 live, clinically healthy birds captured during active surveillance (primarily shelducks, geese and swans), while four HPAIVs were isolated from 141 clinically ill or dead birds located through active surveillance. Two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) were cultured from ill or dead birds during active surveillance, while environmental feces and live healthy birds yielded 56 and 1 LPAIV respectively. All Mongolian outbreaks occurred in 2005 and 2006 (clade 2.2), or 2009 and 2010 (clade 2.3.2.1); all years in which spring HPAIV outbreaks were reported in Tibet and/or Qinghai provinces in China. The occurrence of outbreaks in areas deficient in domestic poultry is strong evidence that wild birds can carry HPAIV over at least moderate distances. However, failure to detect further outbreaks of clade 2.2 after June 2006, and clade 2.3.2.1 after June 2010 suggests that wild birds migrating to and from Mongolia may not be competent as indefinite reservoirs of HPAIV, or that HPAIV did not reach susceptible populations during our study. 相似文献
6.
Etienne V. Langlois Kathryn Campbell Anne-Hélène Prieur-Richard William B. Karesh Peter Daszak 《EcoHealth》2012,9(4):381-385
In June 2012, Brazil hosted Rio+20, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) marking the 20th anniversary of the 1992 Earth Summit. The Rio+20 outcome document entitled The future we want provides general guidance to shape sustainable development policies, but fell short of providing legally binding agreements or pragmatic goals. Negotiators agreed to develop a process for the establishment of new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), building upon the Millennium Development Goals, and setting the foundation for the post-2015 UN development agenda. Our objective is to argue that discussions beyond Rio+20 and toward the adoption of SDGs offer a critical opportunity to re-assess the major challenges for global health and sustainable development. There is an urgent need to translate the general aspirations put forth by Rio+20 into concrete health outcomes and greater health equity. The way toward the post-2015 SDGs will likely be more effective if it highlights the full gamut of linkages between ecosystem processes, anthropogenic environmental changes (climate change, biodiversity loss, and land use), socio-economic changes, and global health. Negotiations beyond Rio+20 should strongly acknowledge the global health benefits of biodiversity protection and climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, which reduce diseases of poverty and protect the health of the most vulnerable. We argue that health and ecosystems are inextricably linked to all development sectors and that health should remain a critical priority for the upcoming SDGs in the context of global environmental change. 相似文献
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Few data exist on the ranging behaviour of forest elephants. A feasibility study on the use of GPS telemetry as a tool to study ranging, seasonal movements and distribution was implemented in the Dzanga‐Sangha and Nouabalé‐Ndoki National Parks Complex of Central African Republic and Congo. The study consisted of two parts – a thorough hand‐held testing of an elephant GPS telemetry collar under tropical forest conditions and the deployment of collars on two elephants. During the feasibility study the system performance was satisfactory; GPS fix acquisition success rate, VHF and UHF collar–researcher communications were adequate. Two elephants, a mature bull and an adult female, were immobilized and fitted with GPS collars in October 1998. After deployment, the female's GPS collar performed well initially, but in less than a month the GPS within the collar stopped acquiring fixes. She was subsequently located using VHF tracking. The male was never relocated strongly suggesting complete failure of the collar. Despite these setbacks, the small amount of data retrieved provide an important first insight into forest elephant ranging and daily activity patterns, with significant conservation implications. When technical difficulties of reliability are overcome, GPS telemetry will provide an exceptionally useful tool in forest elephant research and management. 相似文献
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William B. Karesh Robert B. Wallace R. Lilian E. Painter Damian Rumiz W. Emmett Braselton Ellen S. Dierenfeld Helena Puche 《American journal of primatology》1998,44(2):107-123
Eight free-ranging black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) were immobilized with Telazol® in Bolivia for the purpose of radio-collaring. During this procedure, the animals received complete medical examinations, and samples were collected for health analyses. Biochemical test results varied with the degree of condition of the animals, and a variety of physical abnormalities were found. Evidence of previous infections with Leptospira sp., encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus was found. All findings contribute to establishing baseline health values for the species. The handling of primates for research projects provides a valuable opportunity to collect health-related data and samples that can contribute to wildlife management and conservation efforts. The capture and handling of free-ranging primates is always accompanied by risk of injury or mortality. It is ethically important to maximize the amount of information gathered during these procedures. Furthermore, sharing the undesirable impacts with the scientific community enables informed decisions to be made during future project development. Am. J. Primatol. 44:107–123, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献