Crystal structure of a novel mid-gut procarboxypeptidase from the cotton pest Helicoverpa armigera.

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious insect pests in Australia, India and China. The larva causes substantial economical losses to legume, fibre, cereal oilseed and vegetable crops. This pest has proven to be difficult to control by conventional means, mainly due to the development of pesticide resistance. We present here the 2.5 A crystal structure from the novel procarboxypeptidase (PCPAHa) found in the gut extracts from H. armigera larvae, the first one reported for an insect. This metalloprotease is synthesized as a zymogen of 46.6 kDa which, upon in vitro activation with Lys-C endoproteinase, yields a pro-segment of 91 residues and an active carboxypeptidase moiety of 318 residues. Both regions show a three-dimensional structure quite similar to the corresponding structures in mammalian digestive carboxypeptidases, the most relevant structural differences being located in the loops between conserved secondary structure elements, including the primary activation site. This activation site contains the motif (Ala)(5)Lys at the C terminus of the helix connecting the pro- and the carboxypeptidase domains. A remarkable feature of PCPAHa is the occurrence of the same (Ala)(6)Lys near the C terminus of the active enzyme. The presence of Ser255 in PCPAHa instead of Ile and Asp found in the pancreatic A and B forms, respectively, enlarges the S1' specificity pocket and influences the substrate preferences of the enzyme. The C-terminal tail of the leech carboxypeptidase inhibitor has been modelled into the PCPAHa active site to explore the substrate preferences and the enzymatic mechanism of this enzyme.     

Four new species of Cayaponia (Cucurbitaceae) from Brazil and Bolivia

Four new species ofCayaponia are described and illustrated: three from Brazil (C. cogniauxiana, C. nitida andC. rugosa) and one from Brazil and Bolivia (C. ferruginea).     

Validation of DNA methylation profiling in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 Microarray

A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample usually yields highly degraded DNA, which limits the use of techniques requiring high-quality DNA, such as Infinium Methylation microarrays. To overcome this restriction, we have applied an FFPE restoration procedure consisting of DNA repair and ligation processes in a set of paired fresh-frozen (FF) and FFPE samples. We validated the FFPE results in comparison with matched FF samples, enabling us to use FFPE samples on the Infinium HumanMethylation450 Methylation array.     

Effect of dilution rate on eicosapentaenoic acid productivity ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum utex 640 in outdoor chemostat culture

Summary Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) volumetric productivity from an outdoor chemostat culture ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 in a 50-l tubular photobioreactor varies with dilution rate, reaching a maximum of 47.8 mg l^–1 d^–1 at D=0.36 d^–1. Continuous culture at high dilution rates' is proposed as the most adequate operating mode to maximize polyunsaturated fatty acid production.     

Element concentration variability in the whaleworm Anisakis simplex s.l.

Concentrations of the elements C, N, Fe, Na, K, Ca and Mg were analysed by chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry in the whaleworm Anisakis simplex sensu lato. Nearly all mean inorganic element concentrations measured were higher in adult worms than in larval forms. Similarly, adults contained significantly higher nitrogen (i.e. lower C/N ratio values) than either eggs or larvae. Evidence for the significance of the parasitic life cycle stage and the systematic position of their hosts on the element concentration variability is discussed.     

A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the Division of Dikaryotic Cells in the Ink Cap Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

The fungal fruiting body or mushroom is a multicellular structure essential for sexual reproduction. It is composed of dikaryotic cells that contain one haploid nucleus from each mating partner sharing the same cytoplasm without undergoing nuclear fusion. In the mushroom, the pileus bears the hymenium, a layer of cells that includes the specialized basidia in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and sporulation occur. Coprinopsis cinerea is a well-known model fungus used to study developmental processes associated with the formation of the fruiting body. Here we describe that knocking down the expression of Atr1 and Chk1, two kinases shown to be involved in the response to DNA damage in a number of eukaryotic organisms, dramatically impairs the ability to develop fruiting bodies in C. cinerea, as well as other developmental decisions such as sclerotia formation. These developmental defects correlated with the impairment in silenced strains to sustain an appropriated dikaryotic cell cycle. Dikaryotic cells in which chk1 or atr1 genes were silenced displayed a higher level of asynchronous mitosis and as a consequence aberrant cells carrying an unbalanced dose of nuclei. Since fruiting body initiation is dependent on the balanced mating-type regulator doses present in the dikaryon, we believe that the observed developmental defects were a consequence of the impaired cell cycle in the dikaryon. Our results suggest a connection between the DNA damage response cascade, cell cycle regulation, and developmental processes in this fungus.     

An improved purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from several sources

A new purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from several sources has been developed. The procedure, employing chromatographies on 5'AMP-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephacel and Blue-Sepharose, allows for a rapid isolation of the enzyme (approximately 40 hours), in large quantities, with good yields (45-54%). The specific activity of final preparations were around 1300 I.U./mg and were judged homogeneous by polyacrylamide gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance size exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focusing.     

A mechanobiological model to study upstream cell migration guided by tensotaxis

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - Cell migration is a process of crucial importance for the human body. It is responsible for important processes such as wound healing and tumor...