Chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of human gonosomes and autosomes and its use in clinical cytogenetics

Summary DNA libraries from sorted human gonosomes were used selectively to stain the X and Y chromosomes in normal and aberrant cultured human cells by chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS-) hybridization. The entire X chromosome was stained in metaphase spreads. Interphase chromosome domains of both the active and inactive X were clearly delineated. CISS-hybridization of the Y chromosome resulted in the specific decoration of the euchromatic part (Ypter-q11), whereas the heterochromatic part (Yq12) remained unlabeled. The stained part of the Y chromosome formed a compact domain in interphase nuclei. This approach was applied to amniotic fluid cells containing a ring chromosome of unknown origin (47,XY; +r). The ring chromosome was not stained by library probes from the gonosomes, thereby suggesting its autosomal origin. The sensitivity of CISS-hybridization was demonstrated by the detection of small translocations and fragments in human lymphocyte metaphase spreads after irradiation with ⁶⁰Co-gamma-rays. Lymphocyte cultures from two XX-males were investigated by CISS-hybridization with Y-library probes. In both cases, metaphase spreads demonstrated a translocation of Yp-material to the short arm of an X chromosome. The translocated Y-material could also be demonstrated directly in interphase nuclei. CISS-hybridization of autosomes 7 and 13 was used for prenatal diagnosis in a case with a known balanced translocation t(7;13) in the father. The same translocation was observed in amniotic fluid cells from the fetus. Specific staining of the chromosomes involved in such translocations will be particularly important, in the future, in cases that cannot be solved reliably by conventional chromosome banding alone.Dedicated to Professor Friedrich Vogel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Probleme der Charakterisierung einzelner Chromosomen durch DNS-Messungen

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen Methoden zur DNS-Messung an Chromosomen gegeben. Die Methoden werden kurz beschrieben und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Autoren diskutiert.

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Problems of characterizing individual chromosomes by measuring the DNA content

Summary A review of the different methods of determining the DNA content of individual chromosomes is given. The methods are described briefly, and the results of the different authors are discussed.

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Nach einem Referat anläßlich der 11. Tagung der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie und Humangenetik, Mainz, 7. 10. 1969.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, AZ Mu 258/3.     

Linkage of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa to the hypervariable DNA marker M27β (DXS255)

Summary A hypervariable DNA marker is closely linked to one of the most severe forms of night blindness, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Affected individuals with X-linked RP, obligate carriers, and ophthalmologically identifiable carriers of the disease were included in a linkage study. The diagnosis was established in five sibships by funduscopic and electrophysiological investigations. When the X-linked probe M27 was used, 2 recombinants out of 29 informative meioses were detected (=0.07 at a maximum lod of 4.75). The hypervariable probe detected two different alleles in 38 of 39 females tested. M27 is therefore a potentially very useful probe for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, as well as for addressing the question of heterogeneity of X-linked RP.     

Multiplex-FISH for pre- and postnatal diagnostic applications.

For >3 decades, Giemsa banding of metaphase chromosomes has been the standard karyotypic analysis for pre- and postnatal diagnostic applications. However, marker chromosomes or structural abnormalities are often encountered that cannot be deciphered by G-banding alone. Here we describe the use of multiplex-FISH (M-FISH), which allows the visualization of the 22 human autosomes and the 2 sex chromosomes, in 24 different colors. By M-FISH, the euchromatin in marker chromosomes could be readily identified. In cases of structural abnormalities, M-FISH identified translocations and insertions or demonstrated that the rearranged chromosome did not contain DNA material from another chromosome. In these cases, deleted or duplicated regions were discerned either by chromosome-specific multicolor bar codes or by comparative genomic hybridization. In addition, M-FISH was able to identify cryptic abnormalities in patients with a normal G-karyotype. In summary, M-FISH is a reliable tool for diagnostic applications, and results can be obtained in 相似文献   

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