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排序方式: 共有119条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
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PHILIP S WANG MATTHIAS ANGERMEYER GUILHERME BORGES RONNY BRUFFAERTS WAI TAT CHIU GIOVANNI DE GIROLAMO JOHN FAYYAD OYE GUREJE JOSEP MARIA HARO YUEQIN HUANG RONALD C KESSLER VIVIANE KOVESS DAPHNA LEVINSON YOSHIBUMI NAKANE MARK A OAKLEY BROWN JOHAN H ORMEL JOSé POSADA-VILLA SERGIO AGUILAR-GAXIOLA JORDI ALONSO SING LEE STEVEN HEERINGA BETH-ELLEN PENNELL SOMNATH CHATTERJI T. BEDIRHAN üSTüN 《World psychiatry》2007,6(3):177-185
Data are presented on patterns of failure and delay in making initial treatment
contact after first onset of a mental disorder in 15 countries in the World
Health Organization (WHO)''s World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Representative
face-to-face household surveys were conducted among 76,012 respondents aged
18 and older in Belgium, Colombia, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Lebanon, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, People''s Republic
of China (Beijing and Shanghai), Spain, and the United States. The WHO Composite
International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess lifetime DSM-IV
anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. Ages of onset for individual disorders
and ages of first treatment contact for each disorder were used to calculate
the extent of failure and delay in initial help seeking. The proportion of
lifetime cases making treatment contact in the year of disorder onset ranged
from 0.8 to 36.4% for anxiety disorders, from 6.0 to 52.1% for mood disorders,
and from 0.9 to 18.6% for substance use disorders. By 50 years, the proportion
of lifetime cases making treatment contact ranged from 15.2 to 95.0% for anxiety
disorders, from 7.9 to 98.6% for mood disorders, and from 19.8 to 86.1% for
substance use disorders. Median delays among cases eventually making contact
ranged from 3.0 to 30.0 years for anxiety disorders, from 1.0 to 14.0 years
for mood disorders, and from 6.0 to 18.0 years for substance use disorders.
Failure and delays in treatment seeking were generally greater in developing
countries, older cohorts, men, and cases with earlier ages of onset. These
results show that failure and delays in initial help seeking are pervasive
problems worldwide. Interventions to ensure prompt initial treatment contacts
are needed to reduce the global burdens and hazards of untreated mental disorders. 相似文献
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JEROEN GILLABEL BEATRIZ CEBRIAN‐LOPEZ JOHAN SIX ROEL MERCKX 《Global Change Biology》2010,16(10):2789-2798
The ability to predict C cycle responses to temperature changes depends on the accurate representation of temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in C models for different C pools and soil depths. Theoretically, Q10 of SOM decomposition is determined by SOM quality and availability (referred to here as SOM protection). Here, we focus on the role of SOM protection in attenuating the intrinsic, SOM quality dependent Q10. To assess the separate effects of SOM quality and protection, we incubated topsoil and subsoil samples characterized by differences in SOM protection under optimum moisture conditions at 25 °C and 35 °C. Although lower SOM quality in the subsoil should lead to a higher Q10 according to kinetic theory, we observed a much lower overall temperature response in subsoil compared with the topsoil. Q10 values determined for respired SOM fractions of decreasing lability within the topsoil increased from 1.9 for the most labile to 3.8 for the least labile respired SOM, whereas corresponding Q10 values for the subsoil did not show this trend (Q10 between 1.4 and 0.9). These results indicate the existence of a limiting factor that attenuates the intrinsic effect of SOM quality on Q10 in the subsoil. A parallel incubation experiment of 13C‐labeled plant material added to top‐ and subsoil showed that decomposition of an unprotected C substrate of equal quality responds similarly to temperature changes in top‐ and subsoil. This further confirms that the attenuating effect on Q10 in the subsoil originates from SOM protection rather than from microbial properties or other nutrient limitations. In conclusion, we found experimental evidence that SOM protection can attenuate the intrinsic Q10 of SOM decomposition. 相似文献
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MARCEL E. VISSER ALBERT C. PERDECK JOHAN H. van BALEN CHRISTIAAN BOTH† 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(8):1859-1865
Global climate change has led to warmer winters in NW Europe, shortening the distance between suitable overwintering areas and the breeding areas of many bird species. Here we show that winter recovery distances have decreased over the past seven decades, for birds ringed during the breeding season in the Netherlands between 1932 and 2004. Of the 24 species included in the analysis, we found in 12 a significant decrease of the distance to the wintering site. Species from dry, open areas shortened their distance the most, species from wet, open areas the least, while woodland species fall in between the other two habitats. The decline in migration distance is likely due to climate change, as migration distances are negatively correlated with the Dutch temperatures in the winter of recovery. With a shorter migration distance, species should be better able to predict the onset of spring at their breeding sites and this could explain the stronger advancement of arrival date found in several short distance species relative to long-distance migrants. 相似文献
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YIQI LUO JERRY MELILLO SHULI NIU CLAUS BEIER JAMES S. CLARK AIMÉE T. CLASSEN ERIC DAVIDSON JEFFREY S. DUKES R. DAVE EVANS CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD CLAUDIA I. CZIMCZIK MICHAEL KELLER BRUCE A. KIMBALL LARA M. KUEPPERS RICHARD J. NORBY SHANNON L. PELINI ELISE PENDALL EDWARD RASTETTER JOHAN SIX MELINDA SMITH MARK G. TJOELKER MARGARET S. TORN 《Global Change Biology》2011,17(2):843-854
Many serious ecosystem consequences of climate change will take decades or even centuries to emerge. Long‐term ecological responses to global change are strongly regulated by slow processes, such as changes in species composition, carbon dynamics in soil and by long‐lived plants, and accumulation of nutrient capitals. Understanding and predicting these processes require experiments on decadal time scales. But decadal experiments by themselves may not be adequate because many of the slow processes have characteristic time scales much longer than experiments can be maintained. This article promotes a coordinated approach that combines long‐term, large‐scale global change experiments with process studies and modeling. Long‐term global change manipulative experiments, especially in high‐priority ecosystems such as tropical forests and high‐latitude regions, are essential to maximize information gain concerning future states of the earth system. The long‐term experiments should be conducted in tandem with complementary process studies, such as those using model ecosystems, species replacements, laboratory incubations, isotope tracers, and greenhouse facilities. Models are essential to assimilate data from long‐term experiments and process studies together with information from long‐term observations, surveys, and space‐for‐time studies along environmental and biological gradients. Future research programs with coordinated long‐term experiments, process studies, and modeling have the potential to be the most effective strategy to gain the best information on long‐term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change. 相似文献
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MARC DE HERT DAN COHEN JULIO BOBES MARCELO CETKOVICH‐BAKMAS STEFAN LEUCHT DAVID M. NDETEI JOHN W. NEWCOMER RICHARD UWAKWE ITSUO ASAI HANS‐JURGEN MÖLLER SHIV GAUTAM JOHAN DETRAUX CHRISTOPH U. CORRELL 《World psychiatry》2011,10(2):138-151
Physical disorders are, compared to the general population, more prevalent
in people with severe mental illness (SMI). Although this excess morbidity
and mortality is largely due to modifiable lifestyle risk factors, the screening
and assessment of physical health aspects remains poor, even in developed
countries. Moreover, specific patient, provider, treatment and system factors
act as barriers to the recognition and to the management of physical diseases
in people with SMI. Psychiatrists can play a pivotal role in the improvement
of the physical health of these patients by expanding their task from clinical
psychiatric care to the monitoring and treatment of crucial physical parameters.
At a system level, actions are not easy to realize, especially for developing
countries. However, at an individual level, even simple and very basic monitoring
and treatment actions, undertaken by the treating clinician, can already improve
the problem of suboptimal medical care in this population. Adhering to monitoring
and treatment guidelines will result in a substantial enhancement of physical
health outcomes. Furthermore, psychiatrists can help educate and motivate
people with SMI to address their suboptimal lifestyle, including smoking,
unhealthy diet and lack of exercise. The adoption of the recommendations presented
in this paper across health care systems throughout the world will contribute
to a significant improvement in the medical and related psychiatric health
outcomes of patients with SMI. 相似文献
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