Predicted class-I aminoacyl tRNA synthetase-like proteins in non-ribosomal peptide synthesis

Background  

Recent studies point to a great diversity of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis systems with major roles in amino acid and co-factor biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and post-translational modifications of proteins by peptide tags. The least studied of these systems are those utilizing tRNAs or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AAtRS) in non-ribosomal peptide ligation.     

The prokaryotic antecedents of the ubiquitin-signaling system and the early evolution of ubiquitin-like β-grasp domains

Background  

Ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated signaling is one of the hallmarks of all eukaryotes. Prokaryotic homologs of Ub (ThiS and MoaD) and E1 ligases have been studied in relation to sulfur incorporation reactions in thiamine and molybdenum/tungsten cofactor biosynthesis. However, there is no evidence for entire protein modification systems with Ub-like proteins and deconjugation by deubiquitinating enzymes in prokaryotes. Hence, the evolutionary assembly of the eukaryotic Ub-signaling apparatus remains unclear.     

Cephalometric comparison of Indian and English facial profiles

Cephalometric measurements on 50 English and 50 Indian adults, equally divided as regards sex, were compared for sex and group difference. Evaluation of the average measurements indicated that the female facial size was generally smaller than the male: the Indian face was not prognathic but was smaller and had smaller facial and gonial angles, and the lower incisor was proclined as compared with the English face. A statistical analysis using the Generalized T²-test and Discriminatory Analysis brought out these differences very convincingly, and with nearly 80% accuracy it was possible to classify the individuals to their correct sex and Indian or English group. Incidentally it was found that the Sella Nasion Plane, Maxillary Plane and Frankfort Plane are all equally suitable for assessing the upper incisor inclination.     

In vitro study of transgenic tobacco expressing Arabidopsis wild type and mutant acetohydroxyacid synthase genes

Summary Genes coding for the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase, often referred to as acetolactate synthase (AHAS, ALS; EC 4.1.3.18), from wild type Arabidopsis thaliana and a sulfonylurea-resistant mutant line GH50 (csrl-1; Haughn et al. 1988) were introduced in Nicotiana tabacum. Both genes were expressed at high levels with the 35S promoter. The csrl-1 gene conferred high levels of resistance to chlorsulfuron whereas the wild type gene did not. As selectable markers, chimaeric AHAS genes yielded transgenic plants on chlorsulfuron but at much lower efficiencies than with a chimaeric neomycin phosphotransferase gene on kanamycin (Sanders et al. 1987). Shoot differentiation from leaf discs was delayed on chlorsulfuron by 4–6 weeks. This study indicated a role for mutant AHAS genes in the genetic manipulation of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants but as selectable markers for plant cells undergoing differentiation no advantage over other genes was perceived.     

DNA cassettes containing the origin of transfer (oriT) of two broad-host-range transfer systems.

Plasmid constructs are described that carry retrievable DNA cassettes containing the origin of transfer region (oriT) from two broad-host-range plasmids. Restriction of these high copy number plasmids with any one of a variety of enzymes yields a linear DNA fragment of convenient size containing the oriT region of either pCUI or RK2. This DNA can be ligated into any vector or recombinant plasmid containing a compatible enzyme site and can be easily identified by size on an agarose gel. Any plasmid can therefore be mobilized using a number of helper strains or conjugative plasmids derived from the parental plasmids. In addition, the cassettes can be used for a variety of genetic manipulations including "selectable" linker mutagenesis.     

Beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin release and gonadotropin secretion after acute exercise in normal males

The plasma beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) response to acute exercise and the relationship of these opioid peptides to basal and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion was studied in eight normal male volunteers. Acute exercise resulted in a rise in plasma beta-LPH levels that returned to base line when measured 60 min after exercise. Plasma beta-EP levels did not demonstrate any rise when measured immediately after 20 min of exercise or at 60 min after exercise. Serum LH concentrations in individual volunteers declined to nadir values 60-180 min after exercise after which they showed a rebound to levels higher than the preexercise values in three of five volunteers in whom nadir LH levels were attained before the final (180 min) measurement. Serum FSH concentrations were unaltered by exercise. Acute exercise similarly did not alter the LH/FSH response to exogenous LRH stimulation. Pretreatment of the volunteers with the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, failed to alter the postexercise or LRH-stimulated LH and FSH release. The data suggest that beta-EP does not exert a suppressive effect on LH secretion after acute exercise in normal human males. Whether the suppression of LH secretion after acute exercise in unconditioned males is due to factor(s) cosecreted with beta-LPH, an increase in brain beta-EP or to alternate mechanisms such as alteration in central dopaminergic or GABAergic tone remains to be established.     

A small mobilizable IncP group plasmid vector packageable into bacteriophage lambda capsids in vitro

A mobilizable cosmid derivative of an IncP group plasmid was constructed by cloning the oriT region of RK2, a wide host-range plasmid, and the minimal DNA sequence of bacteriophage lambda required for efficient packaging in vitro. This cosmid is 13 kb in size and has unique restriction sites for EcoRI, XhoI, HindIII, and SalI. The XhoI and HindIII sites are within the kanamycin-resistance gene and the SalI site is in the tetracycline-resistance gene. This plasmid was mobilizable from an Escherichia coli donor to a number of diverse gram-negative bacteria at a frequency of 0.8 to 10 per 100 donors. This vector is one of the smallest of all wide host-range cosmids described in the literature. As part of this study, another mobilizable IncP group plasmid vector has also been constructed which, in addition to the sites listed above, has a unique BglII site, but which lacks the packager sequence.     

Introduction of the plasmid pKM101-associated muc genes into Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Bacteria-yeast shuttle plasmids containing the pKM101-associated muc genes were constructed by cloning an ARS TRP fragment into the plasmid pGW270 in both possible orientations. The insertion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA into pGW270 had no effect on the mutator and protective phenotypes associated with the plasmid in Escherichia coli. Two such recombinant plasmids, pAA90 and pAA91 , were capable of efficient transformation of S. cerevisiae and were stably maintained in this organism. Hybridization experiments suggest that muc-specific mRNA was present in transformed yeast cells and a small amount was polyadenylated. The RNAs were not of a discrete size, all being smaller than the muc genes. The presence of the plasmid pAA91 , and to a lesser extent, pAA90 , in yeast resulted in a detectable increase in the reversion frequencies of three markers and in ultraviolet protection. These results are discussed in terms of studying the relationship of error-prone repair in bacteria and yeast and of developing improved yeast tester strains.