Identification of Tumor Antigens in the HLA Peptidome of Patient-derived Xenograft Tumors in Mouse

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Highlights

• •Sufficient tumor tissues are often unavailable large HLA peptidome discovery.
• •Using patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumors can overcome this limitation.
• •The large PDX HLA peptidomes expand significantly those of the original biopsies.
• •The HLA peptidomes of the PDX tumors included many tumor antigens.

     

Hepatic metabolism of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is released into the portal circulation by a meal stimulus, but is rapidly cleared from plasma. Although it is known to bind to receptors on liver cells, the role of the liver in the clearance of VIP is not clearly defined. We therefore studied the disappearance of VIP in recirculating and in single pass isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) preparations. Disappearance of added VIP was rapid in recirculating IPRL experiments with a half life of ca. 30 min. In single-pass steady-state studies in which livers were perfused at 16 ml/min for 30 min, clearance of VIP was complete (16 ml/min) at concentrations of 500 fmol/ml, but clearance fell to 3 and 1 ml/min at perfusate concentrations of 8 and 40 pmol/ml respectively. Further experiments to evaluate whether VIP was disappearing in perfusate itself demonstrated substantial metabolism of VIP in perfusate which had previously been circulated through a liver for 90 min. The products of metabolism were identical to those found in the IPRL. We conclude that VIP is rapidly cleared as it passes through the isolated perfused rat liver model with a significant proportion of clearance attributable to release of a peptidase from the liver into the perfusate.     

Muscarinic Agonists Evoke Neurotransmitter Release: Possible Roles for Phosphatidyl Inositol Bisphosphate Breakdown Products in Neuromodulation

Carbachol (CCh), a muscarinic agonist that elicits the formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG), induces a calcium-dependent [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) release [IC50 = (2.7 +/- 0.5) X 10(-4) M] in rat brain slices. Similarly, other muscarinic agonists evoke [3H]NE release which is specifically inhibited by muscarinic antagonists such as 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, atropine, and N-methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate. The atropine-sensitive evoked release is effectively inhibited by neomycin (IC50 = 50 microM), a phospholipase C inhibitor that interferes with IP3-dependent cellular processes. In addition, polymyxin B, a rather selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PK-C), abolishes the agonist-mediated release with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.53 microM (750 ng/ml). These results have a significant implication for the mechanism by which agonists generating IP3 and DG act as inducers of neurotransmitter release in the CNS. However, since both neomycin and polymyxin B act also as N-calcium-channel blockers, other possible mechanisms are discussed. The CCh-induced release suggests that in the CNS an agonist-receptor interaction leads to a calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release, most likely via promoting the IP3/DG as second messengers followed by activation of PK-C.     

The phylogenic expression of plasmolipin in the vertebrate nervous system

Plasmolipin is a plasma membrane proteolipid is a major myelin membrane component (Cochary et al., 1990). In this study we report the phylogenic expression of plasmolipin in the vertebrate nervous system. Using Western blot analysis with polyclonal antibodies, we have analyzed membrane fractions, including myelin, from elasmobranchs, teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. On the basis of immune detection, plasmolipin appears to be restricted to the mammalian nervous system. Comparison of the central and peripheral nervous systems of mammals showed only minor differences in the level of plasmolipin in these two regions. Within mammals, little quantitative differences were observed when rat, human and bovine membrane fractions were compared. The late evolutionary expression of plasmolipin which results in its restriction to mammals makes it unique among the (major) myelin proteins. The potential physiologic significance of these data are discussed.Abbreviations EDTA Ethylene diamine N.,NN tetracetic acid - EGTA Ethylene glycol bis-(B-Aminoethyl Ether) N,,NN tetracetic acid - MES ([N-Morpholino] ethane sulfonic acid) DCCD, N, Dicyclohexyl carbodiimide     

Changes in the cell wall of Clostridium species following passage in animals

Morphological changes in clostridial isolates after animal passage with other flora in mixed infections were studied by utilizing a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. We used 26 isolates of 7 clostridial species, and one isolate each of Bacteroides fragilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Abscesses were induced by all 7 Clostridium perfringens and 3 Clostridium butyricum isolates and by some of the other isolates. A thick granular wall prior to animal inoculation was shown only in C. perfringens, C. butyricum, and C. difficile. This structure was observed in other clostridia only following their animal passage alone or when co-inoculated with K. pneumoniae or B. fragilis.     

The role of encapsulation in the pathogenesis of anaerobic gram-positive cocci

The pathogenicity of 22 anaerobic and facultative Gram-positive cocci (AFGPC) was investigated by inoculating them into mice and determining their ability to cause subcutaneous abscesses. Only 11 heavily encapsulated isolates (greater than 50% of the cells were encapsulated) induced abscesses. However, when the other 11 isolates were injected with Bacteroides sp. or facultative and aerobic bacteria, abscesses were formed in 8 of the 11 combinations. The AFGPC recovered from the mixed infections contained many encapsulated cells. Encapsulation also occurred in cocci injected with capsular material or with Formalin-killed cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae or capsule-positive Bacteroides sp. After acquisition of capsules, these strains could induce abscesses on reinoculation in mice.