Biosynthesis of modified peptidoglycan precursors by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium

In the presence of bacitracin, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (vanA phenotype) accumulate UDP-N-acetylmuramyl(UDP-Mur-NAc)-tetrapeptide and a UDP-MurNAc-depsipentapeptide containing lactate substituted for the carboxy-terminal-D-alanine residue. In an in vitro peptidoglycan polymerization assay, the modified precursors function and confer resistance to vancomycin.     

Infection of the gonads of Glaucosoma hebvaicum by the nematode Philometva lateolabracis: occurrence and host response

The prevalence of infection of the West Australian dhufish Glaucosoma hebraicum off the lower west coast of Australia by Philometra lateolabracis was greater among females than males, which contrasts with the situation with Pagrus auratus in waters off New Zealand. Live P. lateolabracis were represented solely by females and were found only in the gonads of fish of mature size ( L ₅₀ at first maturity = c . 300 mm) caught between December and April and thus during the spawning period of dhufish. Since the gonads were largest during that period, they, and particularly ovaries, would provide an abundant food source in the form of blood. The prevalence of the parasite (live + dead individuals) increased with host body size to reach a maximum of c . 80% in the 700–799 mm length class of females and c . 50% in the largest length class of males. During the spawning period of G hebraicum, P. lateolabracis developed from small, non-gravid females to large gravid females, representing an increase in mass of more than 200 times. The maximum length of P. lateolabracis (470 mm) in G hebraicum is the greatest yet recorded for this species. Gonadosomatic indices provided no evidence that infection by P. lateolabracis leads to a conspicuous atrophy of the ovaries, which contrasts with the situation with the gonads of some of the teleosts infected by Philometra species, and presumably reflects, in part, the small volume of the ovary occupied by P. lateolabracis (c . 3%) and the low intensity of infection (mean = 2.0, maximum = 7). Although the presence of live P. lateolabracis did not stimulate an obvious tissue response by the ovaries during the spawning period of G. hebraicum , both the dead and any live parasites that remain after spawning become encapsulated in fibrous tissue.     

Serological evidence of California serogroup virus activity in Oregon

We wished to demonstrate evidence of the presence of California serogroup viruses in Oregon and to test for the presence of certain other arboviruses in large ungulates. Blood samples from black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (O. hemionus hemionus), and Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) from nine counties in Oregon were tested by serum-dilution plaque reduction neutralization for antibody to California serogroup viruses, including snowshoe hare, California encephalitis, and Jamestown Canyon, as well as to Cache Valley (Bunyamwera serogroup) and Klamath, an ungrouped rhabdovirus. Of 132 samples tested, 60 (46%) were found to be seropositive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:10 for at least one of the five different arboviruses. Forty (30%) samples contained antibody to more than one arbovirus, and 15 samples (11%) contained antibody to all five. Of these 15, 14 were from 75 black-tailed deer sera collected in Lincoln County, Oregon. Seropositivity rates for black-tailed deer ranged from 23% to 35%, with all five arboviruses represented. Positive reactions for all five arboviruses were represented among mule deer sera at rates from 5% to 29%. Elk sera were found to be positive for four of the viruses (none for Klamath virus). Although Cache Valley and Klamath viruses have been reported from Oregon, these data represent the first evidence of a California serogroup virus in the state.     

Treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type B by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Allogenic bone marrow transplantation was carried out on a 3 year old girl with Niemann-Pick disease type B. Successful engraftment was achieved, and nine months after the procedure there was definite clearing of the sphingomyelin from the liver and pronounced clearing from the bone marrow. Any patient with Niemann-Pick disease type B complicated by early or severe hepatic impairment should be considered for bone marrow transplantation.     

Polymorphic DNA haplotypes at the LDL receptor locus.

Mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene result in the autosomal dominant disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Many different LDL receptor mutations have been identified and characterized, demonstrating a high degree of allelic heterogeneity at this locus. The ability to identify mutant LDL receptor genes for prenatal diagnosis of homozygous FH or to study the role of the LDL receptor gene in polygenic hypercholesterolemia requires the use of closely linked RFLPs. In the present study we used 10 different RFLPs, including three newly described polymorphisms, to construct 123 independent haplotypes from 20 Caucasian American pedigrees. Our sample contained 31 different haplotypes varying in frequency from 0.8% to 29.3%; the five most common haplotypes account for 67.5% of the sample. The heterozygosity and PIC of each site were determined, and these values disclosed that eight of the RFLPs were substantially polymorphic. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis of the haplotype data revealed strong nonrandom associations among all 10 RFLPs, especially among those sites clustered in the 3' region of the gene. Evolutionary analysis suggests the occurrence of both mutational and recombinational events in the generation of the observed haplotypes. A strategy for haplotype analysis of the LDL receptor gene in individuals of Caucasian American descent is presented.     

Staphylococcal opsonization and anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgG subclass antibodies in patients with severe or recurrent S. aureus infections

Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus (Oxford strain) and specific IgG subclass antibodies against formalised staphylococci were measured in plasmas from 27 patients with significant S. aureus infections and 35 healthy adults and 15 children. There were no statistically significant differences in the IgG2 and IgG4 levels between two groups and IgG3 was not detected, but the median plasma IgG1 level was significantly higher in patients with staphylococcal infections (P less than 0.00003). The concentration of IgG2 anti-S. aureus antibodies was 25-47 times greater than that of IgG1. If plasmas were decomplemented, the raised IgG1 levels were associated with increased opsonophagocytosis by normal neutrophils (P less than 0.0002).     

Induction of IL-1 secretion from human monocytes by Fc region subfragments of human IgG1

Peripheral blood-derived human monocytes and the murine P388D1-monocytes-like cell line are induced to secrete IL-1 when stimulated with Fc region but not F(ab) region subfragments obtained from the cleavage of human IgG1 with papain or pepsin. The portion of the Fc region of IgG1 responsible for stimulation of IL-1 secretion appears to be located within the C gamma 3 domain of the molecule. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the biologically active pepsin-derived pFc' subfragment is located within the C gamma 3 domain and the long-term papain digests containing predominately Fc' are also active. In contrast, short term papain digests containing mostly intact Fc fragments were found to be unable to induce IL-1 secretion.     

Lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte cell cultures: Modulation by free radical scavengers and iron

Summary Rat hepatocytes were isolated and then maintained in serum-free cell culture medium for 24 h. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated in the medium was assayed and used as a measure of lipid peroxidation. The acivity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and urea were measured in the medium and used as indicators of hepatocellular viability and function. The effects of iron; desferrioxamine mesylate (Desferal), an iron chelator; and mannitol, a hydroxyl free radical scavenger were investigated. The addition of iron, Fe² resulted in a three-fold increase in the levels of MDA. Desferal inhibited the production of MDA and blocked the effect of Fe²⁺. Neither iron nor Desferal had any effect on LDH or urea levels. Mannitol had no effect on MDA or urea production, but caused a 4 to 8-fold increase in the LDH levels in the medium. The results show that iron is involved in the mechanism of lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte cultures but suggest that as a pathologic event lipid peroxidation is not expressed in terms of viability during the first 24 h of hepatocyte culture.