Carry-over effects of soil inoculation on plant growth and health under sequential exposure to soil-borne diseases

Aim

To investigate the effects of biochar on biological and chemical phosphorus (P) processes and identify potential interactive effects between P fertilizer and biochar on P bioavailability in the rhizosphere of maize.

Methods

We conducted a pot-experiment with maize in a sandy loam soil with two fertilizer levels (0 and 100 mg P kg ^?1) and three biochars produced from soft wood (SW), rice husk (RH) and oil seed rape (OSR). Sequential P fractionation was performed on biochar, bulk soil, and rhizosphere soil samples. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and root exudates of citrate, glucose, fructose, and sucrose in the rhizosphere were determined.

Results

RH and OSR increased readily available soil P, whereas SW had no effect. However, over time available P from the biochars moved to less available P pools (Al-P and Fe-P). There were no interactive effects between P fertilizer and biochar on P bioavailability. Exudates of glucose and fructose were strongly affected by especially RH, whereas sucrose was mostly affected by P fertilizer. Alkaline phosphatase activity was positively correlated with pH, and citrate was positively correlated with readily available P.

Conclusion

Biochar effects on biological and chemical P processes in the rhizosphere are driven by biochar properties.

     

Synergistic and antagonistic effects of mixing monospecific soils on plant-soil feedbacks

Background and aims

Disturbance affects the ability of organisms to persist on a site, and disturbance history acts as a filter of community composition. This is true for vascular plants and morphological groups of biocrusts, which respond differently to disturbance. Although functioning arid ecosystems include both groups, filtering of morphological groups of biocrusts has not previously been compared simultaneously with the responses of vascular plants.

Methods

Using a chronosequence approach, cover of vascular plants and biocrusts was examined across chronic disturbance gradients related to invasion by exotic species and grazing by livestock, following the acute disturbance of fire using paired burned and unburned plots in Wyoming big sagebrush on 99 plots.

Results

Cover of vascular plants and biocrusts was related to disturbance more so than abiotic factors of precipitation following fire, soil chemistry, percent coarse fragment and heat load index. Over time since fire of 12–23 years, we saw recovery of early successional groups: short mosses, shallow-rooted perennial grasses and annual forbs. Cover of deep and shallow-rooted perennial grasses and annual forbs increased in cover with intermediate levels of disturbance. Perennial forbs lacked a clear relationship with disturbance. Biocrusts decreased in cover with less disturbance when compared with perennial herbaceous plants but differed in sensitivities. Tall mosses were less sensitive to disturbance compared with lichens. Short mosses increased with some disturbance.

Conclusions

Morphological groups of biocrusts and vascular plants are eliminated with increasing variability in the size of gaps between perennials represented by the standard deviation of gaps between perennials. The inclusion of both groups in assessments of ecosystem recovery following disturbance addresses the fact that recovery of either group does not happen in isolation from the other but with interacting contributions to ecosystem functions.

     

3．2MaBP以来河北黄骅地区孢粉地层学与古气候变迁

依据河北省黄骅市八里庄村HB1孔孢粉、古地磁和光释光等资料,发现第四纪以来渤海西岸的古植被演变受气候变化的影响,也受沉积环境的制约.1.6-3.2 Ma BP期间河流发育时期孢粉不丰富;孢粉富集带多出现在湖相地层,而且持续时间短,孢粉贫乏带多出现在河流相沉积地层,持续时间较长;O.8-1.6 Ma BP期间植被以疏林草原为主,局部草原存在,古气候温和偏干.O.13 Ma BP以来,随着明显的古季风变化,孢粉丰富,气候序列分辨率高,可与海洋氧同位素分期对比;11 ka BP以来气候变暖湿润,为针阔叶混交林草原或沼泽草甸植被,3 ka BP之后为海退时期,气候变凉变干,植被由沼泽草甸演变为盐生草甸.尽管该孔是目前沿海平原深孔分析孢粉样品最密的钻孔,但是未能发现连续丰富的孢粉,可能与该孔位于相对较高部位,多与河流沉积环境有关;故而,平原区内并非每一个钻孔皆足以反映整个第四纪孢粉地层学的全貌.     

Structure and ecological function of the soil microbiome affecting plant–soil feedbacks in the presence of a soil-borne pathogen

Interactions between plants and soil microbes are important for plant growth and resistance. Through plant–soil-feedbacks, growth of a plant is influenced by the previous plant that was growing in the same soil. We performed a plant–soil feedback study with 37 grass, forb and legume species, to condition the soil and then tested the effects of plant-induced changes in soil microbiomes on the growth of the commercially important cut-flower Chrysanthemum in presence and absence of a pathogen. We analysed the fungal and bacterial communities in these soils using next-generation sequencing and examined their relationship with plant growth in inoculated soils with or without the root pathogen, Pythium ultimum. We show that a large part of the soil microbiome is plant species-specific while a smaller part is conserved at the plant family level. We further identified clusters of plant species creating plant growth promoting microbiomes that suppress concomitantly plant pathogens. Especially soil inocula with higher relative abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi caused positive effects on the Chrysanthemum growth when exposed to the pathogen. We conclude that plants differ greatly in how they influence the soil microbiome and that plant growth and protection against pathogens is associated with a complex soil microbial community.     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌S2-31拮抗下细辛叶枯病菌转录组差异表达分析

通过分析侧孢短芽孢杆菌拮抗作用下叶枯病菌的转录组学特征,研究差异表达基因(DEGs)和代谢通路的富集情况,初步探索侧孢短芽孢杆菌拮抗叶枯病菌的分子机制。首先利用S2-31与叶枯病菌的对峙培养观察其拮抗作用,然后利用转录组测序探究侧孢短芽孢杆菌拮抗下和正常生长下的叶枯病菌的基因表达水平差异,并进行RT-qPCR验证,最后,利用相关数据库对DEGs进行注释和富集分析。对峙培养后,叶枯病菌菌丝出现皱缩、扭曲等现象。测序后共得到3681个DEGs,其中2224个相对上调,1457个相对下调。GO功能注释分析表明,上调和下调表达的DEGs均注释到生物过程8个亚群、细胞组分8个亚群和分子功能4个亚群。KEGG富集分析中,共有732个unigenes定位到115条生物学通路中,其中富集程度相对较高的通路有氨基糖和核苷糖代谢、糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定生物合成和过氧化物酶体;涉及差异基因较多的通路有淀粉和蔗糖代谢、剪接体和胞吞作用;上调表达的DEGs主要富集在代谢途径,下调表达的DEGs主要富集在遗传信息处理和细胞过程途径。从显著富集的通路中筛选出与菌丝生长发育相关的差异表达基因,结果表明侧孢短芽孢杆菌主要抑制病原菌菌丝过氧化物酶体的形成、胞吞过程和GPI锚定的合成等过程。差异表达基因的RT-qPCR验证结果与转录组测序的结果一致。在侧孢短芽孢杆菌S2-31的拮抗下抑制了叶枯病菌的生长,其转录组特征也发生显著变化,差异基因主要涉及代谢、细胞过程以及遗传信息处理等途径的相关通路。     

基于表型性状和SSR标记的57份辣椒种质遗传多样性分析

为了解辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种质资源的遗传多样性,以57份辣椒种质资源为材料,对34个表型性状进行变异度、多样性及主成分分析,分别基于表型性状和SSR分子标记进行聚类分析。结果表明,种质间的34个表型性状存在差异,平均变异系数为40.67%,平均Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.20;提取的10个主成分可以代表辣椒种质表型性状75.972%的遗传信息,其中第1主成分占比22.317%,主要由果实横径、单果重、果肩形状和果顶性状所组成;19对SSR引物的平均Nei’s基因多样性指数及香农信息指数分别为0.48和0.80;基于表型性状和SSR标记均将57份辣椒分为4类,但2种聚类结果间的相关性不显著(r=-0.175 9)。这为辣椒育种的亲本选配及种质资源评价提供理论依据。